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THE
INFLUENCE OF FAMILY BACKGROUND ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF CHEMISTRY
STUDENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Education is
a basic tool used by society for transmission of its societal values. It has
become an area of prime importance not only for government or voluntary
agencies but also for individuals, families, Governments and communities.
Voluntary agencies and individuals are committing a lot of resources in order
to achieve success in the educational enterprise (Orhungur, 1990). Awoniyo
(1991) put it that the government believes that the greatest investment of a
nation should be in her people.
The
greatness of any nation depends on the genius, qualities, attitudes and
aspirations of her people and it cannot expect to be ignorant and free at the
same time. Many factors and reasons have been given as being responsible for
the continuous falling in the academic standard of our present educational
system. These includes; attitudes of teachers to work, lack of seriousness on
the part of the students, effect of the dwindled economy and to some extent the
increasing degenerating moral system. Despite all possible efforts put forward
by various governments and voluntary agencies to curb these trends, the country
is yet to witness the rise it desires to see in the educational system. The
saddest irony of it all is that we have all the teaching facilities and
equipmens with modern infrastructures, more qualified and experienced teachers
now than we had in the past, more improved effective teaching methods and
strategies and all the facilities as well as basic amenities one could need foe
effective learning.
The worry then
was, why is education falling continuously in the system today? The
researchers’ interest and motivation in this topic is the fact that some
students are exceptionally good in their work, while some extremely bad. When
such variations in scores are traced it is more often discovered that family
background is a major contributory factor. It is therefore important that the
levels of such contributions and the influence they have on children be
examined so that useful suggestions to parents, teachers, educational planners
and government could be made. Orhungur (1990) asserts that the cultural
background of the family is determined to a large extent by its socio-economic
background. As the child grows up moves out to the interest wider society
his/her interaction with it and perception of it are largely determined from
her earlier, experiences at home.
The family
setting and its socializing influence mould the personality of the child.
Nigeria, for instance is a society with diverse ethnic groups with various
cultural background in areas like family size, occupation and in extreme cases,
religion. These factors pose their own restrictions on educational upbringing
of children. The social sitting or mode of settlement of the family and
extended family system may equally influence the academic performance of a
child and by extension, their educational upbringing. Motivation is most need
in order to perform more efficiently in their area of endeavor. When certain
factors are eminent in a child’s family background, it is clear that the child
will be motivated and driven towards high academic goal.
Denga (1986)
in Eyake (1997) advised that praises, incentives, recommendations and other
forms of reward system should be employed as motivational factors to stimulate
students to higher achievements. It is likely that the much a child achieves
during his school days is largely dependent on the kind of family to which he/
she belongs.
For
instance, a child whose parents take a great deal of interest in what he/ she
does at school and give him / her necessary support by providing all the
required books and finances needed has a great advantage over a child whose
parents do not give him this kind of incentives and encouragements. More so,
students’ attitudes to learning and educational performances are shaped by the
kind of stimuli offered to them by their various environments. This can be
considered in terms of the type of family, the home, parental social
orientation, educational level, occupation to mention but a few. It is
therefore, evident that students’ performance is contingent on the stimulus the
home offers. Educational upbringing is not unconnected with the family
influence of a child. Individual members of the family serve as a model to the
child as he/ she copies from each of them. Eyake (1997) quoted. Adeyeme (1977)
if the house fails to provide the child with the necessary equipments to fit
him/ her into his proper place in the society and guided properly for his/ her
future career, then the child is damaged. An analysis of the percentage of
secondary school dropout today entails that such students are usually from
broken homes, wiring polygamous family or with other socially related problems.
The agrarian
and large families have accounted for the polygamous life of people. The large
the size of the family, the more economic and other social responsibilities the
parents bring upon themselves. And more often than not, the educational
performance of students from such family suffer serious setback.
This is
because such parents might not be able to afford the cost funding education for
the children. Other factors may affect the education performance of students
like separation on grounds of different working station, divorce or even
natural death can bring adverse effect on the growth and development of a
child. Furthermore, economic position of parents is one of major factors that
can influence greatly the educational upbringing of a child. In most families,
either or none of parents may be earning income sufficient enough to sustain
the family, faced with malnutrition and other emotional and psychological
effects, the mental development of the child
would be greatly retarded. Orhunger (1990) adds that a low income family
with plenty of feeding problems may produce children who physical and mental
development poses real challenges to the schools effort at optimum development
of the child. This research work is therefore intended to explore the degree to
which these factors influence the educational performance of students with a
view to making useful suggestions that would help in checking the system.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Societies
all over the world strive to achieve quantitative education for her citizenry.
In order to achieve this noble course, so many factors must be put into
consideration. Among them is the family background of the child. The family has
a great role to play on the overall development of the child and his
educational upbringing in particular. The gap in performance between students
and academic excellence constitute a great source of worry and serious concern
as well as discomfiture to both parents, schools mangers, policy makers and
various governments responsible for the education of students’ in secondary
school schools. Experience has shown that among the secondary school students’
there exist some differences which influence students academic performance,
such as some students’ being able to pay their school fees promptly, while others
were often sent away for nonpayment of school fees, some students
have problem with the provision of
school uniform but others do not. Likewise, some students were motivated by
their parents through the provision of educational materials like text books
and exercise books, others were not, where as some students’ come to school
properly feed, others not. One then wonders whether influence of family
background had played a in these issues. In the light of this, the main problem
of this search is to find out if there exist in Gboko local area a relationship
between family background and the students’ academic performance.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
There is no
gain for any country whose educational planners and policy makers stands and
watch the falling standard and steady decline of education at a given rate.
They must identify the causes for such decline with a view of proffering
solution to them. This research work is set to accomplish the following
objectives;
i. To investigate into the effect of family
background on the educational performance of students’.
ii. To find out if social-economic status of
parents influence their students’ academic performance in chemistry.
iii. To find out whether educational attainment
of parent affect their students’ academic performance in chemistry.
iv. To
find out the influence of family size on educational upbringing of chemistry
students.
1.4 Research Questions
For the
purpose of this research work the following research questions have been
formulated;
(a) Do parents socio-economic status influence
the academic performance of the students?
(b) Is there any effect of family size on the
academic performance of chemistry students?
1.5 Hypotheses
The
following hypotheses will be tested to guide this study;
(a) The socio-economic status of parents has no
significant effect on the academic performance of chemistry students.
(b) There is no significant effect between family
size and the academic performance of students in chemistry.
1.6
Significance of the Study
The work of
this nature when completed may help the parents to be aware of the effect the
family has on children and how such affect the child positively or negatively
in relation to their academic performance. From the available recommendations,
they will be able to adopt measures of bringing up there in such a way that
they will perform well academically.
Similarly,
it is likely to encourage parents to make their children relatively comfortable
in schools. This study also could aid children of various families to be aware
and bear in mind with their parents in ability to provide them with all the
necessary requirements in schools, and also sympathize with them in family
problems and situations. More so, educational and curriculum planners could be
guided in planning the curriculum without rigidity to suit diverse cultural
environments. In addition, the teachers would be aware that a cordial teacher parent
relationship may in a way improve the influence of family background on the
academic performance of a child in school. The research of this nature is
likely to help the state, nation and the world in general benefit from as
adherence to the recommendations and implementation will help produce youths
who would be better leaders of tomorrow. Finally, the research when completed
may add to available literature and may encourage further research on the
topic.
1.7 Scope of
the Study
It would be
much demanding to undertake a complete study of the effects of family
background on the academic performance of students in all the secondary schools
are scattered all over the local government area and due to logistics
constraint on the researcher, only five schools will be sampled, sampled
schools are selected based on their metropolitan population characteristics.
The study is likely to be confined to senior secondary school (ss1) students of
the selected schools. This is because (ss1) is the beginning of senior
secondary school class. If family background affects students in (ss1), it is
assumed that likely to affect their performances in senior secondary school
certificates examinations and even worst in their higher academic performance.
1.8 Operational
Definition of Terms
As words may
mean differently in different contexts, the following definitions are given as
the words used as intended to be understood for the purpose of this study.
FAMILY: Is a
unit comprising of husband, wife and children.
FAMILY SIZE:
The number of people in the family.
FAMILY
SYSTEM: This includes monogamy and may be nuclear or extended family.
HOME
ENVIRONMENT: This refers to parental experience and aspirations for children,
objects and material conditions in the home for comfort and also specific
behavioral processes conducive to learning.
EDUCATIONAL
UPBRINGING: This refers to education of children and how they perform in
academics when subjected to test or examination.
EDUCATIONAL
STATUS: This term is used for social processes in which one achieve social
competence and individual growth, carried on in a selected, controlled sitting
which can be institutionalized as a school or college.
OCCUPATIONAL
STATUS: Person’s trade, vocation or principal means of earning living.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
STATUS: This refers to position of recognition which one finds him in the
society. Such a position may not be hereditary but acquired through personal
efforts like education, wealth, occupation and social class.
ACADEMIC
PERFORMANCE: This refers to the students’ achievement, scores within the class
and his position relative to all those subjected the same test.
EFFECTS: the
result or outcome of anything be it positive or negative.
HOME SITUATION:
This refers to prevailing atmosphere in the home whether violent, resentful or
in disarray.
PARENTAL
ATTITUDE: Parents disposition to respond in a characteristics way to some
stimulus in their social environment. Some responses determine the way and
manner their children are brought up by them.
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