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PIPE LINES
VANDALISATION: IMPLICATION ON THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
TABLE OF
CONTENT
Cover page
Title
page
Approval
page
Dedication
Abstract
Acknowledgment
Table of
content
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the research
1.2 Statement of research problem
1.3 Objectives of the study
1.4 Significance of the study
1.5 Scope of the study
1.6 Research question
1.7 Limitation of the study
1.8 Definition of terms
Reference
CHAPTER TWO:
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Source of literature
2.2 Review of concept
2.3 Review of related work
2.4 Empirical studies
2.5 Summary of review
Reference
CHAPTER
THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research method
3.2 Fact finding method
3.2 Sources of Data
3.3 Population of the study
3.4 Sample and Sampling
3.5 Research Instrument
3.6 Method of Investigation
3.7 Method of Data Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
Data
presentation and analysis
4.1 Data
presentation and Analysis
4.2
Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3
Recommendation
References
Bibliography
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
The Nigerian petroleum industry has
been confronted by two sapping challenges over the years. The challenges
relates to the prevalence of militancy and oil pipeline vandalism in the Niger
Delta.
While the
former has significantly attenuated in the aftermath of the Amnesty deal in
2009 (Okoli, 2013), the latter appears to have escalated both in incidence and
impact. According to Ogbeni:
A total of
16,083 pipeline breaks were recorded within the last 10 years adding that while
398 pipeline breaks representing 2.4 percent were due to ruptures, the
activities of unpatriotic vandals accounted for 15, 685 breaks which translated
to about 97.5 percent of the total number of cases (Ogbeni, 2012, para 8).
Indeed, the
incidence of oil pipeline vandalism has been on the rise in Nigeria. According
to the 2013 annual report of the Nigerian Extractive Industry Transparency
Initiative (NEITI), Nigeria lost a total of 10.9 billion US Dollars to oil
theft between 2009 and 2011 (NEITI, 2013; Onoja, 2013). This loss adumbrates
the significance of vandalism as a veritable problem in the Nigerian oil
industry. The implication of oil pipeline vandalism vis-a-vis Nigeria’s
security has been vividly demonstrated by its nexus with economic,
environmental, and humanitarian losses and consequences (Onuoha, 2009). In
effect, oil pipeline vandalism has been associated with consequences which hold
negative implications for national issue of oil pipeline vandalism, in spite of
its topical relevance, has not received adequate emphasis in the existing
literature. Again, the bulk of the extant works in the area of inquiry has
tended to be merely journalistic, bereft of analytical rigours and
systematization. This has necessitated a systematic investigation into the
problematique. This paper, therefore, an attempt is made to establish the
relationship between oil pipeline vandalism and national security in Nigeria.
The paper posits that oil pipeline vandalism results in untoward outcomes which
threaten Nigeria’s national security.
The
discovery of crude oil in commercial quantity in Oloibiri in 1956 marked the
birth of the petroleum industry in Niger. Since then, the Nigeria economy has
been more or less dependent on petroleum. To facilitate the distribution of
crude oil product from the oil rich Nigeria Delta to other parts of the
country, a network of oil pipelines was constructed to inter-link some states
at strategic locations (Onuorah, 2007).
Nigeria has
a total pipeline grid of 5001 kilometers. This consists of 4315 kilometers of
multiproduct pipelines and 666 kilometers of crude oil pipelines. These
pipelines transverse the country, forming a network that inter-connects the 22
petroleum storage depots, the four refineries at Port-Harcourt (I and II),
Kaduna and Warri, the off-shore terminals at Bonny and, Escravos, and the
jelties at Alas Cove,
Calabar,
Okirika and Warri (Onuoha, 2007, p.6). This system of oil pipelines are used to
transport crude oil to the refineries in Port-Harcourt (I and II), Warri and
Kaduna, covering a total distance of 719 kilometres. The multi-product
pipelines are used to transport products from the refineries/import receiving
jetties to the 22 petroleum storage depots at various places in the country.
The storage infrastructure consisting of 22 loading depots linked by pipeline
of various diameters has aggregate installed capacities of 1,266890 (PMS), 676
400 (DPK), 1007 900 (AGO), and 74 000 (ATK) m3tonnes (Special Committee on the
Review of Petroleum Product s Supply Distribution- SCRPPSD, 2000, p.10).
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH
The Nigerian oil Pipeline
infrastructure has been subjected to incessant attacks by vandals over the
years. The frequency of such attacks has been rather disturbing in the recent
times. For instance, in 1999 alone, there were a total of 477 recorded cases of
pipeline vandalization in Nigeria (see Tables 2 below).
The
incessant occurrence of oil pipeline vandalism in Nigeria has raised the
question as to whether the pipeline networks were laid in such a manner that
forecloses easy vandalization. This is in addition to the question as to
whether the pipelines are policed and protected at all. Indeed, some safety
valves were considered while laying the pipelines. For instance, the government
acquired 3.5 metres wide right of way (ROW) on each side of the pipelines; also
the pipes were buried a miter deep to avoid accidental contacts, or
vandalization. Despite these safety valves, recent experience in Nigeria has
shown that the integrity and safety of these pipelines have been incessantly
compromised because of the activities of vandals and saboteurs. The vandals
fracture the oil pipelines with the criminal intent of obtaining and
appropriating petroleum products for commercial purposes or personal use. The
table below (Table 2) highlights the incidence of oil pipeline vandalization in
Nigeria in 1990s.
Year Number
of Incidents Remarks
1995 7 cases
Reported cases only
1996 33
cases Reported cases only
1997 34
cases Reported cases only
1998 57
cases Reported cases only
1999 497
cases Reported cases only
If the
figures on table 2 are anything to go by, the implication is that the incidence
of pipeline vandalization has been on geometrical increase. This trend has got
even worse since 2000. Available statistics show that Port Harcourt, which
recorded about 600 pipeline breaks in 2003, had about 1,650 breaks from January
to September, 2006. Similarly Warri axis moved from only 100 pipeline breaks to
600 during the same period (Amanze–Nwachukwu and Ogbu, 2007, p.14).
Cases of
pipeline breaks have also been recorded in the northern parts of Nigeria,
particularly in Kaduna and Gombe State (Onuoha, 2007).
In effect
available records clearly indicate that incidence of oil pipeline vandalism has
been on the spiral increase in Nigeria. The vandals appear to have acquired
more criminal discipline, sophistication and efficiency in perpetrating oil
pipeline vandalism with apparent ease and impunity. So, the incidence has been
escalating. A media report by Ogbeni (2012, para 5) succinctly situates the
rising incidence of oil pipeline vandalism in Nigeria in recent times thus:
Between 2010
and 2012, total of 2,787 lines breaks were reported on pipelines belonging to the
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), resulting in a loss of 157.81mt
of petroleum products worth about ₦12.53bilion. Pipeline along the Gombe axis
recorded 850 cases and Kaduna system recorded 571 cases of pipeline vandalism.
The pipeline along Warri axis recorded 548 cases vandalism while Mosimi system
pipelines in Lagos recorded 463 cases and Port Harcourt recorded lesser cases
of vandalism while mosimi system pipelines in Lagos recorded 463 cases and
porthacort recorded lesser cases with 336 point vandalized.
1.2 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
The level at which the Nigerian pipe
line are been vandalized and oils are made away in large quantity, the loose
security strength of the country and the attitude of the country leaders toward
this issue. The story of vandalized pipe lines in Nigeria is becoming
concurrent, property are vandalized by the leaders and no one says nor do
anything about it. Is has been the main issues in the research work, pipe line
vandalization.
Overall, oil
pipeline vandalism constitutes a veritable threat to Nigeria’s national
security. As it has been observed in the preceding sections of this writing,
the impact and implications of pipeline vandalism have been critically
detrimental to the concerns of public safety and development in Nigeria. To say
the least, therefore, the prevalence of oil pipeline vandalism in Nigeria over
the years has presented the country with crucial national security challenge.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Due to the concurrent issues of
vandalization in the country, which the leaders of this country does nothing
about it, the researcher seek to bring to the notice of the country, the
citizen of this great country the implication of this incidence to the economic
development of our nation.
Also, the
objectives of the researcher in this study is that at the end of this research
work it will help and bring an end to this issues, as it will educate the
masses the importance of securing their property because this assess are part
of the nation’s own which every one of this nation is part of.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The outcome of this research work
will be of beneficial help to the nation as it will highlight the effect of
vandalizing the country property, in this case the vandalization of pipe line,
to the economic development of this country, a highlight of its set back to the
country.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This research work covers the country
Nigeria, o the vandalization of pipe line and its effects and implication to
the country economic development. This work basically focus on pipe line
vandalization.
1.6 RESEARCH QUESTION
The researcher formed some research
question that will guide her to carry out this work so as to have a focal point
in the study. Which the question are:
1. What are the reason to oil pipeline
vandalism in the country?
2. The implication of pipe line vandalization
is drastic to the country economy, what are the possible measure to take so as
to keep secure and guide of this pipe line?
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
During the course of
performing/researching this project work, the researcher encountered a lot of
challenges as well as opposition which ranges from financial constraints, time
factor. This factors in their own ways, slowed down the speedy progress of this
work that resulted to the researcher not being able to finish the research work
on time as is required
Also, within the area of study the researcher was
faced with some other forms of constrains that contributed to the limitation of
this researcher work, like accessibility to data, information and facts
concerning the present study due to some reasons or the other, some not willing
to give out information that it is to be within the workers.
REFERENCE
1. Alkali,
A.R. (2003). International relations and Nigeria foreign policy (2nd edition).
Kaduna: NorthpointPublishers.
2.
Googlesearch (2013). “Oil spills in
Nigeria”.http://www.legal.com/news.asp%3fmonth%... (retrieved, June 6, 2013).
3.
Ilagha,c.(2007).’’Resource control and the Niger Delta Crisis “M.Sc. Thesis
submitted to the Department of Political Science, Ahmadu Bello University,
Zaria (January)
4. Lyman,
P.M.G (2007). Organized crime (fourth edition). Prentice-Hall. Person
Education, Inc.
5. Mallory’s.
(2007). Theories on the continued existence of organized crime.
Sudbury,Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlet Publishers.
6. NEITI
(2013). Annual Report of the Nigerian Extractive Industry Transparency
Initiative, NEITI, Nigeria.
7. NNPC
(2000).Report of the Special Committee on the Review of Petroleum Product
Supply and Distribution, Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation.
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