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THE
INFLUENCE OF GROUP PRESSURE ON ADOLESCENTS BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background
of the Study
Educational
activities are geared towards ensuring that students achieve
mastery of
educational objectives. In school , the extent to which these objectives
have been
achieved, is determined by their level of peer pressure, time
management
as students’ success are reflected in their academic performance.
Peers play a
large role in the social and emotional development of adolescents
Allen
(2005). Their influence begins at an early age and increases through the
teenage
years, it is natural, healthy and important for adolescent to have and rely
on friends
as they grow and mature. A peer could be any one you look up to in
behaviour or
someone who you would think is equal to your age or ability
(Hardcastle,
2002). On the other hand, the term “pressure” implies the process that
influence
people to do something that they might not otherwise choose to do.
According to
Hartney, (2011) peer pressure refers to the influences that
peers can
have on each other. Peer pressure is emotional or mental forces from
people
belonging to the same social group (such as age, grade or status) to act or
behave in a
manner similar to themselves (Weinfied 2010).
Jones,
(2010) defined peer pressure as the ability of people from the same
social rank
or age to influence another of same age, bracket peer pressure is usually
associated
with teens although its influence is not confined to teenagers alone.
1
Mature
adults, teens, young adults and children can be seen doing things in order
to be
accepted by their peers. Peer pressure is commonly associated with episodes
of
adolescent risk taking (such as delinquency, drug abuse, sexual behaviours),
because
these behaviour commonly occur in the company of peers. It can also have
positive
effects when youth are pressured by the peer toward positive behaviour.
Such as
volunteering for charity or excelling in academics (Kellie, 2013).
However,
peers can also have a negative influence. They can encourage each
other to
skip classes, steal, cheat, use of drugs or alcohol, or become involve in
other risky
behaviours. Majority of adolescents with substance abuse problems
began using
drug or alcohol as a result of peer pressure. Negative peer pressure
may
influence in various ways like joining group who drink alcohol, smoke
cigarette
and Indian hemp among others. It may also lead to the decision to have a
boy
friend/girl friend, Peer pressure indulges youth into loitering about in the
streets,
watching films and attending parties during school hours, taping as
alternative
to stealing which may eventually graduate into armed robbery. (Arief,
2011),
Peer
pressure may be present in the workplace, at school or within the
society, it
can affect people of all ages. It may affect people in different ways but
here, the
focus is on peer pressure as it influences academic performance of inschool
adolescents.
Peer pressure may have a positive influence and help to
challenge or
motivate one to do best. Peer pressure may also result in one doing
thing that
may not fit with ones sense of what is right or wrong. In other words,
when peer
pressure makes one do things that people frown at, it is a negative peer
pressure. Operationally
peer pressure is a force exert by people that is influenced
by ideas,
values and behaviour either positively or negatively and always
associated
with adolescents. Study shown that many popular students who do not
manage their
time well make lower grades than less socially accepted adolescent
(Hartney,
1990). This is possibly due to the fact that popular students may spend
more time
worrying about their social life rather than studying.
Time
management has to do with planning and scheduling activities,
organizing
tasks in a prioritized order and allocating time to the tasks according to
their order
of importance and helping one achieve desired objectives (Achunine,
1995). Time
management is the ability to manage and control time. (Lakein, 2003).
The use of
planners, calendars and the like are effective tools in managing time.
Time
management is the art of arranging organizing, scheduling and budgeting
one’s time
for the purpose of generating more effective work and productivity.
(Lakein,
2003). Time management is important for everyone, while time
management
books and seminars often focus on business leaders and corporations,
time
management is also crucial for students, teachers, professionals and home
makers. Time
management is mostly about self-management. One may be right to
say that
time management is the ability of an individual or group of individuals to
make proper
use of their time in order to achieve set goals.
Time
management is explained as behaviour that is believed to aid
production
and alleviate stress, productivity (Misra, 2000). Implementing time
management
strategies helps to organize aspects of one’s life, therefore allowing
one’s time
to complete all the tasks necessary to reduce one stress level. In
completing
the task on schedule, a student will also enhance his academic
performance.
It can be deduced from Misra (2000) view, that an in-school
adolescent
who spends his time on irrelevant things instead of concentrating on
studies may
end up having poor academic performance. The issue of students
loitering
about, holding parties at the expense of their studies tends to suggests that
students in
Abia State do not manage their time well. Hence, academic
performance
might be affected.
Operationally
the researcher defines time management as the art of setting a
goal and
following it sequentially in order to achieve the target. Hillary Retting has
identified
over-giving of attention to family, friends, and work, volunteerism or
activism, as
prime obstacles to managing ones time. This author therefore
recommends
solutions to management of time to include being aware of one’s
motives for
instance in striving, to be a “hero” or self-sacrificing “saint,” and
avoiding
procrastination, setting his motives and working hard to wards achieving
the motive
enhance academic performance.
Academic
performance refers to how well a student is accomplishing his or
her tasks
and studies (Scortt’s, 2012). Grades are certainly the most well-known
indicator of
academic performance. Grades are the student’s “score” for their
classes and
overall tenure. Grades are most often a tallying or average of
assignment
and test scores and may often be affected by factors such as attendance
an
instructor opinion of the student as well. Grading systems vary greatly by
county and
school; common scales include a percentage form 1-100, lettering
systems from
A-F, and grade point averages (GPA) from 0-4.0 or above.
According to
Ward, Stocker and Murray-Ward (2006) academic
performance
refers to the outcome of education; the extent to which the student,
teacher or
institution have achieved their educational goals. Academic performance
is the
ability to study and remember facts and being able to communicate one’s
knowledge
verbally or written on paper (Answers, 2010). In the context of this
study,
academic achievement refers to the extent to which students have achieve
mastery of
the objectives of the subjects they are exposed to in school. According
to (Aremu
and Sokan 2003) academic achievement has been observed in school
subjects
especially mathematic and English language among secondary school
students.
The trend of
poor achievement of secondary school students has also been
confirmed by
the West African Examination Council (WAEC). The WAEC result
analysis for
the years 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 revealed the following
statistics
of the performance of Nigerian student in secondary schools in public
examination.
The percentages of students who passed during the years were report
to be 22,
54, 13.76, 22.54, 24.94, and 25.99 percent respectively. That is, on the
average,
less than a quarter (21.94 percent) of the students that sat for the
May/June
West African Senior Secondary School Certificate Examinations
obtained
credits in five subjects including English and mathematics during the five
years (WAEC,
2007-2011).
According to
the West African Examination Council Zonal Co-ordinator,
revealed the
statistics of the 2012/2013 WAEC. A total of 324, 998 candidates
registered
for the Examination 168,835 are Males: while 141,242 are Females:
candidates
who registered for the WAEC examination. Withheld results, the results
of 51,876
candidates, representing 16. 73% of candidates are being withheld by the
WAEC Board,
based on various reports, mostly for these candidates alleged
involvement
in examination malpractice, while another Statistics shows that a
whooping
number of 250,487 candidates representing 80. 78% have 2 credits and
above, while
217,161 candidates, representing 70. 03 of the total 2012 WAEC
candidates,
have three credits and above. Several factors have generally been
identified
as causes of poor academic performance. Morakinyo (2003) believes that
the falling
level of academic performance is attributable to teachers’ non-use of
verbal
reinforcement strategy. Welsh (2007) also found that the attitude of some
teachers to
their job, poor teaching methods and the like influence students’
academic
performance.
The blame for
poor academic performance among secondary school students
could be
attributable to a variety of factors such as student inability to manage their
time, peers
influence, family factors and the likes. Parents, teachers, curriculum,
experts and
evaluators have expressed considerable concern over the deteriorating
students’
performance in public examinations.
Therefore,
an in-school adolescent should avoid negative pressure such
loitering
along the street during school hours holding parties at the expense of their
study,
skipping school and drug abuse. That will create room for poor academic
performance.
The adolescent should move with people that study their books in
order to
have good academic performance.
Adolescence
is a developmental period in which an individual changes (over
a varying
length of time) from childhood into adulthood. This creates confusion
about the
self because society considers them neither children nor adults.
Adolescence
is also a period of sexual maturity (of sex organs and the development
of hormones)
and the development of sexual urge. The pattern of thinking is that in
which
immediate needs tend to have priority over long term ones and because they
lack
knowledge and skills to make healthy choices, they tend to go into risky
behavior and
tryout experiences which often leads to mistakes and regrets in most
adolescents
it marks the beginning of sexual activity Steinberg, (2008) Adolescents
substance
use, or antisocial behavior are often considered as “problem”
behaviours.
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