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THE EFFECT
OF STRESS ON WORKERS’ PRODUCTIVITY
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
It has been
acknowledged that job stress plays a role in employee performance. This nation
has its root in what is called attention theory. Simply put attention theory
asserts that the experience of stress has the effect of reducing on individual
ability to concentrate on multiple tasks. Anyone who has worked feverishly to
meet a deadline understands this relationship intimately. It has been “standard
fare” in basic management training to point out that there exist some optimal
level of stress below which employees are unmotivated and above which they are
over whelmed. Unfortunately managers who attempt to find an optimal stress
level for their work group frequently find their effort inconsistent result or
downright negative results.
Stress is a
universal element and persons from nearly every work of life have to face
stress. The universality of stress is such that it is experienced by employees
all round the globe and has become a major problem facing employers,
particularly in developing nation where the employers do not realize the
impacts of stress on employee productivity.
The work
place stress is indeed a costly epidemic, Rebecca Maxan in her article
published by FDU magazines in 1999 noted that three out of every four American
workers described their work as stressful and the problem is not limited to
those shores, in fact occupational stress has been defined as a “global
epidemic” by the united nations international labor organization.
Stress is a
factor in every one’s life. Particularly during major events such as marriage
divorced or buying a home. But according to the Holmes-Rachs life event scale,
which rates the level of stress caused by such event, many of the most
stressful events are related to the work place firing business re adjustments,
change in financial status line of work, trouble with the boss, varieties in
work hours or conditions retirement and vacations.
Surprisingly,
stress is not always a bad thing. It can stimulate creativity and productivity.
According to Robert Osterman, professor of psychology at FDUS
Tecnneck-Hackensack campus, “No one reaches peak performance without being
stressed whether an athlete, an office worker or a manager” the natural pattern
of human behavior is to experience a stress-causing tension and then return to
a normal realized state. The problem occurs when stress is so over whelming or constant
that this pattern is broken and that is to say that stress leads to old age. An
internationally applicable measure of occupation stress develop by Osterman,
named SWS for Situation (s) work (w) and self (s), encompasses all three
dimension because Osterman says survey that only look at work factors are not
giving the full picture” for factory workers, stress such as dealing with
dangerous heavy equipment or working in an uncomfortable environment in
contrast office workers are more likely to experience stress that is related to
interpersonal relationship on job “people pressures” such as under supervision,
tension among team members and fear aversion of conflict can cause stress “for
many people, the core of their social life is the people with whom they work
with” explains Ostermam” but work is not a socio situation to good relationship
such as rumors and power play among executive who are comparing for the next
promotion”.
Occupational
stress is not related only to what goes on at work conflicts between the
demands of the work place and of home life are increasingly common. According
to a survey completed for the US department of labor, ten percent (10%) of
people who are married or living with children less than 18 years experience
several work-family conflicts and an additional twenty five percent (25%)
report moderate levels of conflict. Definitely, every problem has a
corresponding solution, hence some techniques can be implemented to prevent or
reduce excessive stress. These techniques and their implementation constitute
the process involved in stress managements.
1.2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
There has
been increasing amount of talk about “employees stress” over the decades.
Despite the availability of other companies within the environment of Afikpo
North Local Government Area, the employees or the workers experiences allot of
stress on workers’ productivity in an organization or firm. This research is
aimed at understanding and bringing out an encompassing view of stress and its
relationship with employees performance (productivity). The researcher thus
will give an over view of work stress, productivity and their
inter-relationship in an organization. Hence, the effects of stress on workers’
productivity. Lawal (2006:10) this is the type that leads to anxiety
depression, frustration, fatigue and low self-esteem.
Behavioral
effects: This is the type that leads to accident proneness, substance abuse
impaired speech, restlessness and forgetfulness. Cognitive effect: this is the
type of stress effects that affects our through process lead to difficulty or
fear of meaning discussion forgetfulness hypersensitivity mental blocks and
difficult concentrating and thinking clearly and this may be intensified by
substance abuse.
1.3
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The study is
aimed at indept analysis of the work place stress. Hence, understanding its
effects on productivity.
Therefore
the objective of the study include:
To have in
dept understanding about work stress
To know the
various types of stress
To evaluate
the negative effects of stress on workers
To evaluate
the positive effects of stress on workers
To
understand how stress effects productivity
To
understand the various strategies and method of effective stress management.
1.4 RESEARCH
QUESTION
The
questions that will asked in this research to enable collection of the required
data for the study will include:
Is stress a
necessary condition for the attainment of optimum productivity?
Does stress
encourage productivity in organization?
Does high
stress beget high productivity or otherwise?
Does low
stress beget low productivity or otherwise?
Does mild
stress have a negative effect on workers’ productivity?
Does mild
stress have positive effect on workers’ productivity?
1.5
SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY
This study
will be of great use to students who want to know about the topic.
It will also
serve as a reference material for future study
This study
will enlighten managers in all field of work and employees all round the globe
to add knowledge on this that is studied
It will
widen the horizon and increase the level of understanding on the effects of
stress in the area of study,
1.6 SCOPE OF
THE STUDY
The
researcher narrowed down the study to a particular organization, Edwin and
Emmanuel table water Afikpo North Local Government Area of Ebonyi State.
1.7
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Definitely
the study is not without limitations, the limitations includes the following
TIME: among
all, time is the highest possible limitation to the study. The time available
for the study was limited the horizon to which the researcher may wish to expend
the study. He will confine all his activities within the given time available
for the research.
FINANCE: the
fact that the researcher is still a student who has no external financial
assistance; he was faced with financial challenge. The researcher is still a
student and has no external financial support from any institution, this limit
the extent he may wish to carry the research as he will not exceed his
financial capabilities.
QUESTIONNAIRE
ADMINISTRATION: in the cause of administering the questionnaire, the researcher
was not be given adequate attention. This posed a challenge to the efficacy of
the study.
LEVEL OF
LITERACY OF RESPONDENTS: in the area of study, majority of the employees are
just SSCE holders, this posed some limitations to the researcher as it limited
the questions to the level they can possibly answer.
1.8
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
STRESS: a
physiological and emotional response to stimulate that which places physical or
psychological demands on an individual.
STRESS
MANAGEMENT: this refers to the wide spectrum of techniques and psychotherapies
aimed at controlling a person’s level of stress, especially chronic stress for
the purpose of improving functionally on daily basis.
MANAGEMENT
TECHNIQUES: these are special methods and procedure professionally designed for
application to managerial problems by manager in their managerial functions and
duties.
PERFORMANCE:
this refers to individuals output at a work place.
PRODUCTIVITY:
this refers to an organization output calculates thus total production per
total input calculated thus: total production per total input (man, materials,
money and machines).
EMPLOYEE:
individual employed to work in an organization or any given business
establishment.
PSYCHOTHERAPIES:
these are techniques or procedure that is used as palliatives to any mental
emotional or behavioral disorder like those caused by stress.
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