ICT TRAINING IN NIGERIAN ARMY: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS FOR OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS
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ICT TRAINING IN
NIGERIAN ARMY: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS FOR OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY AND
EFFECTIVENESS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page - - - - - - - - - - i
Certification - - - - - - - - - ii
Approval Page - - - - - - - - - - iii
Dedication - - - - - - - - - - iv
Acknowledgement- - - - - - - - - v
Table of Contents
- - - - - - - - - vi
List of Tables - - - - - - - - - ix
List of Figures- - - - - - - - - - x
List of
Abbreviation - - - - - - - - xi
Abstract - - - - - - - - - - xii
CHAPTER ONE:
1.0 General Introduction- - - - - - - - 1
1.1 Background- - - - - - - - - 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem- - - - - - - 5
1.3 Objectives of the Study- - - - - - - 6
1.4 Research Assumption - - - - - - - 6
1.5 Significance of the Study - - - - - - 6
1.6 Scope of the Study - - - - - - - 7
1.7 Limitations of the Study- - - - - - - 8
References - - - - - - - - - 9
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review- - - - - - - - 10
2.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - 10
2.2 Concept of Information - - - - - - - 10
2.3 Concept of Communication - - - - - - 12
2.4 Concept of Technology - - - - - - - 13
2.5 Concept of Information Technology - - - - 15
2.6 Concept of Information Communication
Technology - - 16
2.7 Previous Studies and Related works - - - - 17
2.8 Information Communication Technology (ICT),
and Its
Application in the
Nigerian Army for Operational Efficiency
and Effectiveness - - - - - - - 19
2.9 Theoretical Framework- - - - - - - 21
2.10 Summary - - - - - - - - - 26
References - - - - - - - - 28
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research Methodology - - - - - - - 31
3.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - 31
3.2 Research Design- - - - - - - - 31
3.3 Area of Study- - - - - - - - - 32
3.4 Research Population- - - - - - - - 32
3.5 Instrument of Data Collection - - - - - 33
3.6 Validation of the Instruments- - - - - - 33
3.7 Method of Data Collection and Analysis - - - - 34
3.8 Weakness of the Study- - - - - - - 34
3.9 Summary- - - - - - - - - - 35
References - - - - - - - - 36
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data Presentation and Analysis- - - - - - 37
4.1 Introduction- - - - - - - - - 37
4.2 Data Presentation and Analysis - - - - - - 37
4.3 Finding - - - - - - - - - 48
4.4 Relationship between ICT and the Conduct of Military
Operations - - - - - - - - - 48
4.5 Problems and Challenges of Ict Training
Affecting the
Operational Effectiveness And
Efficiency Of The NA - 50
4.5.1. Inadequate Funding of ICT. - - - - - - 51
4.5.2 Poor Infrastructure - - - - - - - 51
4.5.3 Inadequate Human Resource Development - - - 52
4.6. Prospect of ICT Training in NA for
Operational Effectiveness
and Efficiency - - - - - - - - 53
4.6.1. Systems Networking - - - - - - - 53
4.6.2. Improve Information Warfare Capability - - - - 53
4.6.3. Medical Consultation - - - - - - - 54
4.7 Summary - - - - - - - - - 54
References - - - - - - - - 56
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendations- - - - - 57
5.1 Conclusion- - - - - - - - - 57
5.2 Recommendations- - - - - - - -
58
Bibliography - - - - - - - - 60
Appendices
LIST OF TABLES
Serial Title table Page No
(a) (b) (c)
4.1.1 Respondents Distribution by Rank 37
4.1.2 Participation in Operations 39
4.1.3 Level of application of Information
Communication Technology in different Operations 40
4.1.4 Respondent Responses on Computer use 42
4.1.5 Application of ICT in the NA 43
4.1.6 Factors contributing to low level Application
of ICT in the NA 45
4.1.7 Level of Awareness and Application of ICT in
the NA 46
LIST OF FIGURES
Serial Title of Figure Page No
(a) (b) (c)
4.1.1 Bar chart showing Respondents Distribution by
Rank 38
4.1.2 Bar chart showing participation in Operations 39
4.1.3 Bar chart showing level of application of
Information Communication Technology in different Operations 41
4.1.4 Bar chart showing computer use in the NA 42
4.1.5 Bar chart showing the level Application of ICT
in the NA 44
4.1.6 Bar chart showing factors contributing to low
level Application of ICT in the NA 45
4.1.7 Bar chart showing level of Awareness and
application of ICT in the NA 47
LIST OF
ABBREVIATIONS
CAN - Computer
for all Nigerians.
CEP - Circular
Probable Error.
DADP - Department
of Automated Data Processing.
DICON - Defence
Industries Corporation of Nigeria.
ECOOG - Economic
Community of West African State
EMR - Electronic
Medical Records.
FOB - Forward
Operation Base.
GOC - General
Officer Commanding.
GPS - Global
Positioning System.
IA - Information
Assurance.
ICT - Information
and Communication Technology.
IT - Information
Technology.
IW - Information
Warfare
LAN - Local
Area Network.
NA - Nigerian
Army.
NCW - Network
Centric Warfare.
NHIS - National
Health Insurance Scheme.
NITDA - National
Information Technology Development Agency.
PER - Performance
Evaluation Report.
PHCN - Power
Holding Company of Nigeria.
PSO - Peace
Support Operation.
R&D - Research
and Development.
US - United
States.
VSAT - Very
Small Aperture Terminal.
WAN - Wide
Area Network.
WWI - World
War I or II.
WWW - World
Wide Web
ABSTRACT
This research was
carried out to examine the challenges and prospects of ICT training in the NA.
The studies also have the objectives of looking at how the level of ICT training
in the NA affects the efficiency and the effectiveness of her operations. A
survey was carried out to ascertain the level of ICT in the NA using
questionnaire and other literatures. The result of the survey showed that
inadequate infrastructure, poor human resource development programmes and
inadequate funding are the major challenges impairing the training and
application of ICT in the NA. The lack
of military industrial complex as a result of low level of ICT training did not
give the military the much needed spare parts that could prolong the lives of
weapons, equipment and platforms. Although about 60 percent of respondents have
knowledge of ICT in varying degree, majority of them use computer for world
processing, games and e-mail. Recommendations were made for better training and
application of ICT in the NA. These includes The AHQ should set up a
verification team to access and ascertain the level of ICT training among the
NA personnel and infrastructure available within the NA. The AHQ should also
assist units and formations to subscribe to co-operate firms for intense
programmes on ICT training. Finally there is need for AHQ to consider more
funding in the area of ICT with a view to enhancing the skills of its
personnel.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
The armed forces of nations are
required to protect the territorial integrity, contribute to internal security
and uphold the constitution. The performance of these tasks warrants their
being dispersed and commanders need to pass instructions to subordinates in
order to direct the course of war, administer and for coordination with other
Services. The means of passing these instructions had been a subject of concern
to commanders and their subordinates.
Before the
Industrial Age, instructions were passed on the battlefield through runners but
visual signals endangered the lives of signalers and were inefficient for long
distance messages (EJASL Vol 8, 2005:9). The industrial age brought a little
relief as radios and telephones were used for communication between the rear
and frontline troops. However, the radios were too bulky for mobile operation
during World War 1 (WWI) (Makane,
2000:28-30).
These cumbersome
communication arrangements generated additional friction apart from the fog of
war. These problems consigned commanders to the delays and uncertainties of war
(Makane, 2000:14). Furthermore, commanders could not be sure of security of the
messages (Boltz, 2007:84) Thus, command and control as a major problem during
WWI because the technology available at that time could not offer the
opportunity of frequent and immediate communication (Boltz, 2007:89).
The state of
communication and information management prevalent during WWI was improved upon
during WWII. The aeroplane became a platform for ground-to-air and
air-to-ground communication using on board wireless radios. Apart from
revolutionizing the war logistically, it relieved commanders of depending on
bulky communication equipment (Thomas, 2008). After WWII, advanced countries
such as the United States (US) continued to research in communication.
The US Department
of Defence (DOD), thus created the Advances Research Project Agency Net
(ARPANET) as an alternative means of communication in case of nuclear attack by
the then Soviet Union in 1969 (UN,2005). The Internet was later discovered by
Leonard Kleinrock, which provided e-mail and web facilities used for military
and non-military purposes (Ajayi,2009). This gave impetus to Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) which has now become a worldwide phenomenon.
During the Gulf wars, the US and its allies displayed improved communication
capabilities. For instance, their tanks used in the ground offensive were
fitted with ground terminal equipment, such as cyclone antennae to establish a
link with orbiting satellites. These satellite connections allowed the
commanders in the tanks to share audio, voice and data with command centres
practically anywhere in the world (MacGroddy etal, 1999).
There had been
continuous and rapid technology advancements such as miniaturization thus
making the production of smaller weapons and equipment possible (Richard,
2010). As many armed forces in Africa are struggling to acquire ICT
infrastructure in the face of dwindling defence budgets, ICT assets are
becoming obsolete within a short time due to technological advancement.
Furthermore, the advanced countries have moved to the realm of stealth and
precision weaponry as displayed in the Kosovo and Gulf Wars, an act that is
creating a digital divide between the developed and developing countries (Eyo,
2001).
The use of ICT
infrastructure is gradually being introduced into the Nigerian Army (NA). This
is exposing NA personnel to a gamut of information and commanders could have
access to field and long distance communications. This has bestowed some
advantage on its communications such as battlefield transparency, intelligence
gathering, propaganda, use of sensor, ICT-enabled weapon system and in Peace
Support Operation (PSO). However, these advantages have their setbacks in the
form of insecurity. The use of codes and firewalls by the NA may be inadequate
and could open its information to hackers and other mischievous element in the
virtual community. The consequences of the risks created manifest themselves in
the possible failure of systems and assets whose incapacity or destruction
would have a serious impact on national security.
During the
Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) operation
in Liberia and Sierra Leone, NA personnel had the problems of communication
insecurity, poor interoperability and was plagued by obsolete equipment (Dike,
2003). War fighting equipment such as mobile radar and simulators demand the
knowledge of ICT for effective and efficient operations. It is therefore
imperative that the problem and prospects of ICT in the NA be examined and
probable solutions proffered in order to have adequate, efficient and effective
communication support. These are the motivation for the study.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Nigeria is still
grappling with the fast rate of development of ICT, but the national policy on
ICT had been put in place to steer its development. Despite the fact that the
NA rely on communication for its routine, logistic, administrative, and
operational activities, the ICT infrastructure and Knowledge through which it
can be achieve is inadequate.13 According to Adewoye, “no military can develop
except it develop its technology”.
Based on the
foregoing, this study shall seek to proffer answers to the following:
1. What is the relationship between ICT and
the conduct of military operations?
2. What are the level of ICT training and its
application in the NA?
3. What are the challenges and prospect of
ICT training affecting the operational effectiveness and efficiency in NA?
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of this study are:
1. To examine the relationship between ICT
training and the conduct of military operations.
2. Ascertain the level of ICT training and it
applications in the NA.
3. Examine the challenges and prospect of ICT
training as it affects the operational effectiveness and efficiency of the NA.
1.4 RESEARCH ASSUMPTION
There is a general
consensus that there is a relationship between ICT training in the NA and the
efficiency and effectiveness of her operations. ICT training in the NA is the
independent variable that determines the operational efficiency while
effectiveness of the NA operations is the dependent variable.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is
significant due to the fact that it would contribute to the advancement of
knowledge on ICT training in the NA. Also it is being carried out at a period
of unprecedented global technological explosion, and the NA appears to be lacking. Consequently, it would seek to redress the
apparent technological stalemate, with particular reference to military
operations in the NA.
The outcome of the
study would be of assistance to scholars, researchers and students who wish to
explore more in this field of study. It could thus be a useful guide to policy
makers and planners at the Nigerian Army Headquarters (NAHQs) in establishing
an integrated ICT system among all its divisions across the country. It will also assist in making realistic
projections for future applications of ICT and serve as reference material for
a wide range of users especially defence information managers.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study shall
cover the application of ICT training to military operations in the NA from the
period of 1990 to 2010. The period
marked the development of military technological developments such as the
internet, satellites and their global accessibility. The Gulf Wars marked a defining moment in the
history of military operations as the wars were truly digital war. In Nigeria, there has being a concerted
effort by the army to procure ICT systems, though the process remains
inconclusive. The army has however trained
some officers in space technology to enhance its application and use of ICT.
1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The use of data
generated from a relatively small number of personnel of the NA to generalize
for the whole NA constituted a limitation. This is coupled with the fact that
ICT is relatively new to some members of the NA. However, questionnaire were
shared to reflect a fair representation of the NA personnel hence it will not
adversely affect the result of this study.
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