THE ARMED FORCES IN PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS: PROSPECTS FOR NIGERIAN MILITARY PERSONNEL SECONDMENT FOR UNITED NATIONS JOB
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THE ARMED FORCES IN PEACE
SUPPORT OPERATIONS: PROSPECTS FOR NIGERIAN MILITARY PERSONNEL SECONDMENT FOR
UNITED NATIONS JOB
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE(S)
Title Page - - - - - - - - - i
Certification - - - - - - - - ii
Dedication - - - - - - - - iii
Acknowledgement - - - - - - - iv
Table of
Contents - - - - - - - v-viii
List of
Tables - - - - - - - - ix
List of
Figures - - - - - - - - x
List of
Abbreviations - - - - - - - xi-xii
Abstract - - - - - - - - - xiii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION - - - - -
1.1 Background of the Study - - - - - 1-5
1.2 Statement of the Problem - - - - - 5-6
1.3 Objective of the Study - - - - - 6-7
1.4 Significance of the Study - - - - - 7-8
1.5 Scope of the Study - - - - - - 8
1.6 Limitation - - - - - - - - 8-9
CHAPTER TWO
PAGES(S)
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK - - - - - - - 10
2.1 Introduction - - - - - - - 10-11
2.2 Armed Forces - - - - - - - 11-14
2.3 Concept of Peace Support Operations - - - 15-20
2.4 Nigeria Armed Forces Participation in Peace Support
Operations - - - - - - - - 20-22
2.5 Job Secondment - - - - - - - 22-25
2.6 Benefits of Secondment - - - - - 25-29
2.7 Theoretical Framework - - - - - 29-31
2.8 Summary - - - - - - - - 31-32
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY - - - 33
3.1 Introduction - - - - - - - 33
3.2 Research Design - - - - - - 33-34
3.3 Area of Study - - - - - - - 34
3.4 Population - - - - - - - 34
3.5 Identification of Variables - - - - - 35
3.6 Statement of the Hypothesis - - - - 35
PAGES(S)
3.7 Instruments of Data Collection - - - - 36
3.8 Validation of Instruments - - - - - 36-37
3.9 Relability of Instrument - - - - - 37
3.10 Methods of Data Collection and Analysis - - 38
3.11 Weakness of Methodology - - - - - 38
3.12 Summary - - - - - - - - 39
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION - 40
4.1 Introduction - - - - - - - 40
4.2 Respondents
Profile - - - - - - 41-44
4.3 Analysis of
Data - - - - - - 45
4.4 Nigeria’s
Military Personnel in United Nations Peace
Support Operations - - - - - - 45-51
4.5 Challenges
to The UN Military Personnel on
Secondment to United Nations Jobs - - - 51-56
4.6 Strategies
for Enhancing the Prospects of Nigerian
Armed Forces Personnel in Secondment
to United
Nations jobs - - - - - - - 56-59
4.7 Summary - - - - - - - - 59-60
CHAPTER FIVE
PAGE(S)
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
61
5.1 Conclusion - - - - - - - 61-63
5.2 Recommendations - - - - - - 63
Bibliography - - - - - - - 64-69
Appendix I - - - - - - - 70-72
Appendix II - - - - - - - 73-74
Appendix
III - - - - - - - 75-76
LIST OF TABLES
|
Serial
|
Title of Table
|
Page No
|
|
(a)
|
(b)
|
(c)
|
|
4.2.1
|
Distribution of
Respondents by Arms of Service
|
42
|
|
4.2.2
|
Participation in United
nations Peace Support Operations by Respondents
|
43
|
|
4.4.3
|
Answers of Respondents
on the Participation of Nigeria Military Personnel in UN PSO
|
46
|
|
4.4.4
|
Opinion of Respondents
on the Benefits to the Nigeria Military Personnel in Secondment for United
Nations Jobs
|
49
|
LIST OF FIGURES
|
Serial
|
Title of Table
|
Page No
|
|
(a)
|
(b)
|
(c)
|
|
4.2.1
|
Percentage of Questionnaire
Returned and not Returned
|
41
|
|
4.2.2
|
Percentage of Respondents by Arms of Service
|
43
|
|
4.2.3
|
Percentage of
Respondents that have Participated in United Nations Peace Support Operations
|
44
|
|
4.4.4
|
Chart showing Percentage
of Respondents on the Performance of Nigeria Military Personnel in UN PSO
|
47
|
|
4.4.5
|
Graph Showing Percentage
of Respondents on the Question of Benefits to the Nigeria Military Personnel
on Secondment to United Nations Job
|
49
|
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
1. AHQ - Army Headquarters
2. AU - Africa Union
3. ECOWAS - Economic
Community of West Africa
States
4. CFRN - Contribution of the Federal Republic of
Nigeria
5. DATOPS - Department of Army Training and
Operations
6. HQ - Headquarters
7. MOD - Ministry of Defence
8. NA - Nigerian Army
9. NAF - Nigerian Air force
10. NN - Nigerian Navy
11. OAU - Organisation of Africa Unity
12. PSO - Peace Support Operation
13. TCC - Troops Contributing Country
14. UN - United Nations
15. UNAMSIL - United Nations Missions in Sierra Leone
16. UNDPKO - United Nations Department of
Peacekeeping Operations
17. UNIFIL - United Nations Interim Force in Liberia
18. UNMIL - United Nations Missions in Liberia
19. WW I & II - World War I
& II
ABSTRACT
This research was carried out to compare Nigerian
Armed Forces participation in United Nations Operations and its prospects for
job secondment. The study was geared at determining 4 distinct objectives.
These were to confirm if there was a relationship between Nigerian Military
involvement in Peace Support Operations and jobs in the UN. Thereafter,
Nigerian military personnel performance in UN PSO was considered. It also
considered the challenges for UN jobs. Finally, strategies were proffered for
enhancing the capacity of members of the Nigerian the capacity of members of
the Nigerian Armed Forces for Jobs in the UN. The descriptive analytical method
was used for this study. The research dwelt on the area of study based upon the
involvement of the Nigerian Armed Forces in PSO. It further identified the
prospects of Nigerian Armed Forces in secondment for UN jobs. Furthermore, it
revealed the commendation participation of Nigeria in most peace support
operations under the UN. To this end, MOD/AHQ should publish vacancies for UN
jobs. Also, the MOD was implored to set up a committee to address the problem
appointment and selection for secondment. Furthermore, the imperative of making
the MOD/AHQ request for vacancies from the UN for job secondment for its
personnel was considered. Finally, the study highlighted the need for the
Nigerian Army Peacekeeping centre to include civil participation international
relations and diplomacy in its curriculum
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY
The civilization of man
has evolved through conflicts, wars and strives. Some of these conflicts have
claimed a lot of lives and caused the destruction of properties leaving behind
displacement of people and a life of uncertainty. This has cost humanity
greatly in the areas of the economic, environmental, social, and military
development, (Yusuf 2008:2). As a result of this, man has found it necessary to
put in place mechanisms by which these conflicts and wars can be prevented,
managed or resolved. Hence, the establishment of international and regional
bodies and organizations whose primary aim is to check and curb such
occurrences of an evolving or imminent war.
The League of Nations was
established by the end of the First World War (WWI), in 1919. The primary aim of
establishment was to maintain peace, stability and international security. It
however failed for many reasons which include the German invasion of her
neighbouring countries in 1936, (Gaje 2006:1). This eventually led to the World
War II (WWII). In further quest to establish a lasting peace and global
security, some of the major powers which were involved in WWII established the
United Nations (UN). The UN was thus established on the 24 October, 1945. Its
primary aim was to prevent wars and to enhance world-wide development, (Sheikh
2003:594-595).
The bid to save humanity
from the scourges of war and create a peaceful and just future for the entire
world, strategies and policies were made by the UN in the sphere of global
administration. The UN Charter therefore stipulates amongst others, the
sovereign equality of all nations, and peaceful settlement of disputes and the
renunciation of the threat of force, (Alger 1998:56). The Charter made
provision for the non intervention in the internal affairs of member nations
and the taking of effective collective measures for the prevention and removal
of threats to peace. It further allows the suppression of acts of aggression or
other breaches of peace, (UN 1993:1).
As part of the mechanisms
put in place for a sustainable peace in the global setting, the UN has embarked
upon PSO. This is only an endpoint of early preventive measures which when put
in place could fail. It includes preventive diplomacy. The term PSO was first used by the military to describe
organised international assistance initiatives to support the maintenance,
monitoring and building of peace and prevention of resurgent violent conflict. There
are two categories of PSOs which includes peacekeeping and peace
enforcement. Peacekeeping operations monitor and support the
establishment of peace, usually in the context of a peace agreement and peace
enforcement operations, (Johnson http://www.huntalternatives.
org/download/38_peace_support.pdf).
org/download/38_peace_support.pdf).
The activities of PSO
which could involve combat and the use of force therefore creates the need for
the military in this respect. Therefore the involvement of the military in PSO
has been at the establishment of the UN itself as most of the conflicts in the
world have been armed conflicts, (Warfare Publication 2nd
Edition:1-3). Over the years especially at the beginning of the 21st
Century, military involvement in peace effort has been redefined. This is as
stated in Chapters VI and VII of the UN Charter. It encapsulates the holistic
term called PSO which entails not only peacekeeping and peace enforcement but
also peace building and peacemaking.
So far, the involvement of
the members of the Nigerian Armed Forces in PSO and the UN intervention in
various conflicts in the world has been quite remarkable. This has involved the
use of military personnel from all contributing members of the UN. Nigeria is a
major TCC to the UN since inception of PSO. Nigeria since her independence has
also been an active participant of most military expeditions in PSO for the UN,
(Dokubu 2005:252). Successive governments have remained committed to Nigeria’s
peacekeeping efforts. Nigeria has continued to increase its participation in
PSO in human and material resources contribution in line with increase in
conflict all over the world. This has cost the nation a lot in training and
maintaining its personnel to meet the challenges of PSO especially in the
current dispensation. This has necessitated the establishment of the
Peacekeeping Wing of the Infantry Centre and School, Jaji, Nigeria.
The training of personnel
and the involvement of members of the armed forces in PSO creates a platform
and advantage for the members in many ways. One of advantages such is the
building of the average military personnel not only in international relations
but also in international conflict management. This creates the prospect for
the members of the Nigerian armed forces secondment for jobs in the UN. This is
evident in some notable appointments of Nigerian military personnel who have at
one time or the other been absolved by the UN to carry out some official roles
as a result of their involvement in previous PSOs. The middle cadre officers,
despite experience gained from participation in UN PSO are not being seconded
to the UN.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM
The Nigerian military over
the years have participated in various PSOs around the world. In spite of the
long history of the military’s involvement in PSO, there have been a lot of
challenges which has prevented the average Nigerian military personnel to have
a high standing in its secondment for jobs in the UN.
It is therefore against
this backdrop that this study seeds to answer the following questions:
a. Is there a relationship
between involvement of members of the armed forces in PSOs and jobs in the UN?
b. How is the performance of
Nigerian military personnel in UN PSOs?
c. What are the challenges
constraining Nigerian Armed Forces in securing secondment for UN jobs?
d. What are the strategies for
enhancing the capacity of the members of the Nigerian Armed Forces for jobs in
the UN?
1.3 OBJECTIVES
OF THE STUDY
The main objective of the
study is to evaluate the involvement of members of the Nigerian Armed Forces in
PSO as a secondment for UN jobs. The specific objectives are to:
a. Examine the relationship
between the military involvement in PSOs and jobs in the UN.
b. Examine the performance of
Nigeria military personnel in UN PSOs.
c. Identify the challenges
confronting Nigerian Armed Forces in securing secondment for jobs in the UN.
d. Proffer strategies for the
enhancement of the capacity of members of Nigerian armed forces for jobs in the
UN.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE STUDY
The importance of this study is appreciable in the fact
that the role of the Nigerian armed forces in PSO has been quite remarkable. Hence,
the need for government to see it as advantage for military personnel
secondment for jobs in the UN.
This study will also assist the Ministry of Defence as well
as individual members of armed forces to focus and realize its role and
capacity in PSO as well as the advantage of secondment in the UN. It will also
contribute to the existing body of knowledge especially on the involvement of
the military in PSOs. It will finally be a reference material to researchers,
commanders and staff officers involved in PSOs.
1.5 SCOPE
The study covered the period of 1978 to 2010. This marked
the period when the Nigerian Armed Forces started significant participation in
PSOs in the United Nations with the United Nations Interim Forces Lebanon
(UNIFIL). The study utilized the UN, OAU/AU and ECOWAS PSOs as case studies to
evaluate the level of training of the Nigerian Armed Forces for PSOs
1.6 LIMITATION
This study was impaired by the dearth of sufficient
literature on the concept of job secondment in the military. However, this
limitation was mitigated by resorting to manuals questionnaires and interviews
conducted with some former participants of PSOs in the Nigerian Armed Forces.
This therefore created a leverage for the validity of the study.
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