THE GLOBAL REVOLUTION IN MILITARY AFFAIRS AND COMBAT EFFECTIVENESS: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS FOR THE NIGERIAN ARMED FORCES
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THE GLOBAL
REVOLUTION IN MILITARY AFFAIRS AND COMBAT EFFECTIVENESS: CHALLENGES AND
PROSPECTS FOR THE NIGERIAN ARMED FORCES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE
PAGE............................................................................. i
CERIFICATION
PAGE.............................................................. ii
DEDICATION............................................................................. iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT............................................................... iv
TABLE OF
CONTENTS............................................................. v-vii
LIST OF
TABLES....................................................................... viii
LIST OF
FIGURES..................................................................... ix
LIST OF
ABBREVIATIONS........................................................ x-xi
ABSTRACT................................................................................. xii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION PAGE(S)
BACKGROUND................................................................. 1 – 5
STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM.................................... 5
- 7
OBJECTIVE OF THE
STUDY............................................ 7
SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE STUDY....................................... 8
RESEARCH
HYPOTHESIS................................................ 8
SCOPE OF THE
STUDY.................................................... 9
ASSUMPTIONS.................................................................. 9
LIMITATIONS..................................................................... 10
ENDNOTES........................................................................ 11 - 12
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW PAGE(S)
INTRODUCTION..................................................................
13
CONCEPT OF
REVOLUTION IN MILITARY AFFAIRS...... 14 – 21
CONCEPT OF COMBAT
EFFECTIVENESS....................... 21
– 24
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN REVOLUTION IN MILITARY
AFFAIRS AND COMBAT
EFFECTIVENESS....................... 24
– 27
SUMMARY............................................................................ 27-28
ENDNOTES........................................................................... 29 – 32
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY PAGE(S)
INTRODUCTION.................................................................... 33
RESEARCH DESIGN............................................................. 33 – 34
IDENTIFICATION OF
VARIABLES........................................ 34
AREA OF
STUDY................................................................... 34
POPULATION......................................................................... 35
INSTRUMENT FOR
DATA COLLECTION.............................
35
VALIDATION OF
INSTRUMENT............................................. 35 – 36
METHOD OF DATA
COLLECTION......................................... 36
WEAKNESS OF THE
METHODOLOGY.................................
37
SUMMARY............................................................................... 37 – 38
ENDNOTES............................................................................. 39
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION
AND ANALYSIS PAGE(S)
INTRODUCTION......................................................................
40
HOW REVOLUTION IN
MILITARY AFFAIRS AFFECTS
COMBAT
EFFECTIVENESS.................................................... 41 – 48
TECHNOLOGICAL
CAPACITY OF THE NIGERIAN
ARMED
FORCES..................................................................... 49
– 59
CHALLENGES FACING
THE NIGERIAN ARMED FORCES
IN ADAPTING NEW
TECHNOLOGIES FOR MODERN
WARFARE................................................................................. 60 - 64
STRATEGIES FOR THE
NIGERIAN ARMED FORCES
TO ACQUIRE NEW
TECHNOLOGIES FOR A
REVOLUTION IN
MILITARY AFFAIRS........................................ 65 – 71
SUMMARY............................................................................... 71 – 72
ENDNOTES..............................................................................
73 – 75
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS PAGE(S)
CONCLUSION.......................................................................... 76 – 81
RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................. 81 – 82
ANNEX A
..................................................................................
A – 1
ANNEX B
..................................................................................
B – 1
REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPY..........................................................................
84 - 89
LIST OF TABLES
Serial Title of Table Page No
(a) (b) (c)
1. Capacity of Electronic and Information and
Communication Technology.
53-54
2. Capacity in Projectiles, Propulsion and
Platforms Technology.
57
3. Capacity in Ships Technology. 58
4. Capacity in Solar Energy/Material
Technology.
59
LIST OF FIGURES
Serial Title of Figure Page No
(a) (b) (c)
1. Combat Effectiveness and Military
Revolutions. 46
2. Pattern of Military Revolutions. 48
3. Comparison of Proposed Defence Research
and Development Expenditures of Nigeria with some Countries.
52
4. Capacity of Personnel in Electronics and
Information Communications Technology.
55
5. Capacity in Electronics and Information
Communications Technology.
56
LIST OF
ABBREVIATIONS
1. C2 - Command and Control.
2. C3 - Command, Control and Communication.
3. C4I - Command, Control, Communications,
Computers and
Information.
4. C4ISR - Control, Communication, Computer,
Intelligence,
Surveillance and Reconnaissance.
5. C2W - Command and Control Warfare.
6. DDRD - Department of Defence Research and Development.
8. DHQ -
Defence Headquarters.
9. DOD - Department of Defence.
10. DPRS - Department of Planning, Research and Statistics.
11. DR&D - Department of Research and Defence.
12. EM - Electromagnetic.
13. FMST - Federal Ministry of Science and
Technology.
14. FSD - Full Spectrum Dominance.
15. GPS - Global Positioning System.
16. ICT - Information and Communication
Technology.
17. JSTARS - Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar
Systems.
18. MOD - Ministry of Defence.
19. MODISICS - MOD Integrated Strategic Information and Communication System.
20. MPRI - Military Professional Resources
Incorporated.
21. NCW -
Network Centric Warfare.
22. NICOMSAT-1 - Nigeria Communication Satellite
- 1.
23. PGM - Precision Guided Munitions.
24. R & D - Research and Development.
25. RMTA - Revolution in Military-Technical
Affairs.
26. SDC - System
Development Centre.
27. TTG -
Technical Training Group.
28. UAV - Unmanned Aerial Vehicle.
29. USA - United States of America.
30. WMP - Weapons of Mass Protection.
31. WW II - Second World War.
ABSTRACT
This research was
conducted to highlight the impact of RMA on combat effectiveness. It was
carried out to confirm how RMA can have an effect on the effectiveness of the
Nigerian Armed Forces. The study also set out to identify challenges for the
Nigerian Armed Forces in achieving a RMA.
The study used the
descriptive research design and the casual comparative study was used to
identify how the variables related. The study revealed that there was a direct
relationship between RMA and combat effectiveness. It revealed that RMA was not achieved by
technology alone but by its skilful application and proper adaptation of
military doctrines to address modern threats. It further identified some of the
challenges facing the Nigerian Armed Forces in acquiring modern technologies
which was necessary for a RMA.
To this end, some
strategies at acquiring modern technologies were proffered. These included
joint acquisition, phased modernisation and improved funding for R & D. The
recommendations made if considered would improve the level of RMA for the
Nigerian Armed Forces and facilitate an improvement in combat effectiveness.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY
1. Weapons technology has progressed within
the last century. Munitions can now be delivered with unprecedented precision;
surveillance and reconnaissance systems can provide amazingly detailed
information about hostile forces, structures and locations. A combination of
data analysis and distribution systems can allow this information to be rapidly
exploited. Most military analysts agree that the advances in military
technology require a fundamental reappraisal and revision of operational
concepts to ensure that full advantage is exploited. This combination of technological
advances and revisions in operational concepts represents a Revolution in
Military Affairs (RMA).1
2. RMA is a major change in the nature of
warfare brought about by the innovative application of new technologies. This
leads to dramatic changes in military doctrine, operational and organisational
concepts. It will fundamentally alter the character and conduct of military
operations.2 Such revolutions have occurred many times in history for a variety
of reasons. The most obvious cause is the technological thrust which started
with the industrial age. The invention of gun powder, the steam engine,
submarine, internal combustion engine, aeroplane, aircraft carrier and the atom
bomb are some of the most obvious innovations which led to changes in the conduct
of modern warfare.3
3. Some of these technological advances
originated in the civil sector. Other forms of RMA were brought about by social
military revolutions such as the development of railways, which enabled
military forces to be moved and supplied over great distances.4 RMA has changed
the spectrum of warfare in today’s dynamic battle space. The effect has been
demonstrated in recent wars after WW II. The Gulf war was characterised by
digital battle fields with state-of-the-art Precision Guided Missiles (PGMs),
cruise missiles and an exceptional display of air power among others.
4. Advances in technology have created a
global environment with relatively unrestricted flow of information. Thus there
is now a gradual shift from the centre of gravity of traditional methods of
force and means of combat towards non-traditional methods, including
information. The ability to access the right information at the right time has
made tremendous impact on command and control. Nowadays, information communications
technology (ICT) tools are becoming real weapons, not just in a metaphoric
sense but in the direct sense as well.5 The drivers of the current RMA are the
PGMs, sensors, fibre optics and the miniaturisation of microchips, global
positioning systems (GPS), satellite technologies and simulators. These are all
products of ICT and components of network-centric warfare (NCW). Therefore, the
appropriateness of information could make a difference in the outcome of a
war.6
5. The pace of technological advancement is
unprecedented. In the past, technological advancement was either contingent on
or catalyzed by military needs, but today, technological innovations seem to
dictate the ways and means of war fighting.7 Developing countries therefore,
need to cope with this wave of change and its challenges. Developing countries
like Egypt, Brazil and South Africa have some advantages. They possess an
appreciable level of technology and a strong defence industrial base which can
match some of the challenges. This is due to the adaptation of technology
available to their peculiar environments. Nigeria, in view of her low defence
industrial base, needs to examine the options available. Modern technology is
having an overwhelming influence on the world and one is either part of it or
prey to it.8 This is pertinent if Nigeria must become relevant in the global
RMA in order to be effective in modern warfare.9
6. The next few decades could pose both
political and military challenges to Nigeria.10 These challenges are occasioned
by the quest to have a permanent seat in the UN Security Council, regional
power posture and Nigeria’s frontline role in the cooperation and integration
of Africa. The unavoidable characteristics of the environment in which the
Nigerian Armed Forces could fight in the future dictate that her forces should
be structured to face such challenges. Since globalization has united the world
into one village, the employment of the Nigerian Armed Forces will not be
limited to the West African arena alone.
Today, internal conflicts within one state are easily made international
by global media coverage and many nations are quickly drawn into them.11
7. The situation in the Nigerian Armed Forces
is that there has been scanty and uncoordinated acquisition of modern
platforms, weapons systems and equipment. Consequently, some of those in the
inventory are either becoming or are already obsolete. Others have become
degraded by long usage and poor maintenance. Furthermore, strategies and
processes for upgrading them are not clearly defined due to lack of defined
policies from the Ministry of Defence (MOD). The situation is further
compounded by the competition for resources by other sectors of the economy in
addition to the defence sector.12
STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM
8. In the Nigerian Armed Forces today, the
development of technology facilities is at a rudimentary state. Thus, were the
Nigerian military to witness for example, an information warfare attack on its
ICT facilities it would face severe challenges. Equally worrisome is the dearth
of modern platforms, weapons systems, equipment and the absence of appropriate
policies to address the problem. The situation is further compounded by the
paucity of funds and a low level of national technological and industrial base.
9. The Nigerian Armed Forces since its
inception starting with the Nigerian Army (NA) in 1883 has participated in both
internal and external operations in the fulfilment of its constitutional roles.
However, the degraded and obsolete status of the fighting equipment in its
inventory has affected its fighting capability.
In view of the role of the Nigerian Armed Forces to achieve the
objectives of the National Defence Policy, it would be important to discover
how the Nigerian Armed Forces could keep pace with trends in global RMA. It
would also be important to learn how the RMA can enhance combat effectiveness.
This is what generated the researcher’s interest in the study. It is against
this background, that the study seeks to answer the following questions:
a. What constitutes a RMA?
b. What is the relationship between the RMA
and combat effectiveness?
c. What are the challenges for the Nigerian
Armed Forces in achieving a RMA?
d. What strategies and policies can be
employed to achieve a RMA for the Nigerian Armed Forces in order to enhance
combat effectiveness?
OBJECTIVES OF THE
STUDY
10. The objectives of this study are to:
a. Examine what constitutes a RMA.
b. Examine the relationship between the RMA
and combat effectiveness.
c. Examine the challenges of the Nigerian
Armed Forces in achieving a RMA.
d. Proffer strategies for achieving a RMA in
the Nigerian Armed Forces in order to enhance combat effectiveness.
SIGNIFICANCE OF
STUDY
11. The outcome of the study is significant in
the fact that it would contribute to the advancement of knowledge on the RMA.
It would also assist the MOD to appreciate the necessity for achieving a RMA.
Additionally, it would stimulate further research on the RMA thus contributing
to the drive by the Nigerian Armed Forces in improving its capability in the
defence of Nigeria’s territorial integrity. Furthermore, it would provide
material for further studies on the concept of RMA.
RESEARCH
HYPOTHESES
12. This study seeks to establish the following:
a. There is a direct relationship between
RMA and combat effectiveness.
b. A RMA would reinforce the position of the
Nigerian Armed Forces as a dominant influence in Africa and a force to be
reckoned with technologically in the global arena.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
13. The study examines the RMA in the Nigerian
Armed Forces. It also examines the effect of RMA on combat effectiveness. It
covers military developments from 2000 – 2010 and the corresponding changes in modern
warfare. This period witnessed many changes as to how technological advances
were applied in modern warfare and the popularization of RMA.
14. The study identifies challenges for the
Nigerian Armed Forces in adapting new technologies for modern warfare which
leads to RMA. It will also proffer strategies for the Nigerian Armed Forces to
acquire new technologies for a RMA.
ASSUMPTIONS
15. This study views combat effectiveness in
terms of limited and general war. Although none of Nigeria’s immediate
neighbours is a major threat to her territorial integrity, the possibility of
engaging in warfare with their allies was considered.
LIMITATIONS
16. The study conducted was limited by time and
the desire of the researcher to visit several institutions for recently
published data. Consequently, secondary data was used to analyse the concepts
of RMA and combat effectiveness.
17. The sources were reputable international
bodies although their findings may not be devoid of bias. However, care was
taken to ensure that the study was successfully accomplished to the best
possible standards.
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