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ADAPTATION STRATEGIES TO CLIMATE
VARIABILITY AMONG ARABLE CROP FARMERS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Agriculture
is one of the most important sector of the Nigerian economy which accounts for
about 42% of Nigeria’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and over 70% of non-oil
exports. It provides over 80% of the food needs of the country. About 70% of
Nigerians live in rural area, and 90% of these are engaged in agriculture. This
implies that agriculture is a key sector that stands to affect majority of
Nigerians positively (Okolo, 2004). Despite its high contribution to the
overall economy, this sector has been seriously facing challenges of many
factors of which climate-related disasters such as drought and floods are the
major ones (Deressa, 2008). According to Udofia (2001), the frightening effects
of climate variability on the entire environment has reached a global
dimension. Although its effects and the ecological and economic consequences
are well perceived, they appear not to have been given the serious attention
they deserve.
Climate is
defined as the statistical description interms of mean and variability of
relevant quantities over a period ranging from months to thousands or millions
of years. The classical period is 30yrs as defined by the World Meteorological
Organisation (WMO, 1992).These quantities are most often surface variables such
as temperature, precipitation, and wind. The difference between climate and
weather is that climate is what you expect while weather is what you get. The
term climate variability denotes the natural characteristics of climate that
manifests itself within the changes of climate with regards to time.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2001) defines climate variability as
“variations in the mean state and other statistics (such as standard
deviations, the occurrence of extremes, etc.) of the climate on all temporal
and spatial scales beyond that ofindividual weather events”. This definition
allows the consideration of climate change as a low frequency component of
climate variability that can be managed using the same quantitative tools and
research approaches (Mertz and Stone, 2003). Climate variation can enhance or
diminish a local area’s comparative advantage in agriculture.
Changes in
soil water availability, the increased occurrence of climate fluctuation,
climate extremes and crop diseases, could lead to an overall reduction in crop
yield and serious food shortage. Projections suggest that by the end of the
21stcentury, climate variability would have had substantial impact on crop
production (Slater et al 2007). Humanity cannot accurately predict what the
next season will bring but farmers, input suppliers, marketers and government
would all like to know because it is critical to decision making. Climate
variability has created uncertainties in temperature, rainfall and wind
patterns. As a result, rural people in countries like Nigeria whose main
occupation or economic activity is agriculture, are faced with so many challenges
in decision making with respect to their agricultural activities ( Barnwal and
Kotani, 2010).
Climate
variability adaptation methods according to Nyong, Adesina and Osman-Elasha
(2007) are those strategies that enable the individual or the community to cope
with or adjust to the impacts of the change in climate. Although, Zeirvogel et
al (2008) had noted that the world has been undergoing series of adaptation in
response to climate variability; the current climate change is expected to
present heightened risk, new combinations of risks and potentially grave
consequences. As such, adaptation has been identified as a policy option to
mitigate the adverse effects of climate variability on farm productivity. In agriculture, adaptation helps farmers
achieve their food, income and livelihood security objectives in the face of
changing climatic and socio-economic conditions including climatic variability,
extreme weather conditions such as droughts, floods and volatile short term
changes in local and large scale markets (Kandlinkar and Risbey, 2000).
Agricultural
adaptation has been described as one of the policy tools to ameliorate the
ravaging effects of climate variability ( Kurukulasuriya and Mendelsohn, 2008).
Mendelsohn and Dinar reported in 1999 that from farm level analysis, large
reductions in adverse impacts from climate variability are possible when
adaptation is fully implemented (FAO, 2007). Some adaptation strategies for
crop production among farmers include adoption of efficient environmental resources
management practices such as the planting of early maturing crops, mulching,
small scale irrigation, adoption of hardy varieties of crops, tree planting and
staking to avoid heat burns (Nyong, et al, 2007). There are lots of challenges
facing agricultural adaptation in Nigeria. According to Nzeh and Eboh (2011)
lack of awareness and knowledge on climate variability is perhaps the biggest
obstacle to effective agricultural adaptation. Onyeneke and Madukwe (2010) also
opined other barriers to include lack of information on appropriate adaptation
option, poor access to market and shortage of farm labour.
Apata et al
(2010) reported that capital, land and labour serve as important factors for
coping with adaptation, stressing that the lack of these factors as well as
choice of suitable adaptive measures constitute severe challenge to
agricultural adaptation. This is consistent with Deressa et al (2008) report
that adaptation to climate variability is costly, and the need for intensive
labour use exacerbate this cost. This therefore calls for development of
various adaptation strategies in order to cope with the variability in climate.
Such strategies focus on managing risks, reducing vulnerability, enhancing
agricultural productivity, protecting the environment and ensuring sustainable
development under the changing climate.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Recent
studies confirm that Africa is one of the most vulnerable continents to climate
variability and change and low adaptive capacity. Some adaptation to current
climate variability has been taking place; however, this may be insufficient
for future changes in climate (IPCC, 2007).
The uncertainty associated with climate variability is a disincentive to
investment and adoption of agricultural technologies and market opportunities,
prompting the risk-averse farmer to favour precautionary strategies that buffer
against climatic change, particularly as a result of increased variability and
extreme over activities that are more profitable on average (Barrett et al,
2007). It has been predicted that many farmers in Africa are likely to
experience net revenue losses as a result of climate change, particularly as a
result of increased variability and extreme events (TerrAfrica, 2009).
The adverse
consequences of climate variability includes damage on arable lands,
livelihoods and biodiversity will take an irreplaceable toll on food production
in developing countries like Nigeria which have a low capacity to cope and
adapt to these challenges (Sha, Fischer van Velthuizen, 2009). Given the
foregoing challenges a study of this nature will be a timely intervention. Many
studies have been carried out in addressing the effects of climate variability
on agriculture in Nigeria. However, not many of these studies have fully
addressed the issues of adaptation strategies.
Enete and Amusa (2011) discussed the challenges of agricultural
adaptation to climate change in Nigeria, but the study was based on review of
relevant literature thus leaving a gap for more empirical approach to the study
of this issue.Enete and Amusa (2011) in another paper made further attempts to
investigate the most cost-effective and sustainable indigenous climate change
adaptation practices in South East Nigeria but studies covering wider area such
as Nigerian agro-climatic zones and several arable crops simultaneously appear
not to have been documented yet.
Umoh and
Eketekpe (2010) attempted to study climate change adaptation measures by
wetland farmers in Niger Delta region of Nigeria but did not study any other
State beyond Bayelsa out of the nine States in the Niger Delta. The study
focused only on a single Local Government Area. The study of Emaziye (2013) was
based on perceptions of climate change among rural farming households in the
Niger Delta area of Nigeria in other to determine the direction of change of
the climate change indicators thus leaving a gap for empirical studies on
adaptation especially in Delta State where little or no work on adaptation
strategies has been done. Previous
studies showed that the dimensions of use of these measures have not been
effectively explored particularly in Delta State. This is considered important,
considering the fact that farmers least able to adapt to climate variability
will suffer most severely.
In the light
of this, this study has addressed the following research questions:
What are the
socio-economic characteristics of crop farmers?
What is the
perception of crop farmer’s about climate variability?
What are the
adaptation strategies adopted by farmers to mitigate the effects of climate
variability?
What
socioeconomic and environmental factors influence farmers’ choice of adaptation
strategies?
What factors
constrain farmers in adapting to the effects of climate variability?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main
objective of the study was to determine the Adaptation strategies to climate
variability by arable crop farmers in Delta State. The specific objectives were
to:
i)describe
the socio-economic characteristics of arable crop farmers in the study area.
(ii)ascertain
farmers’ perception about climate variability on crop production.
(iii)examine
adaptation practices adopted by arable crop farmers in the study area.
(iv).ascertain
the factors that influence farmers’ choice of adaptation strategies.
(v).
determine the cost and return of adaptation strategies among arable farmers.
(vi)identify
constraints to adoption of adaptation strategies by arable crop farmers .
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THE PROBLEM AND PROSPECTS OF COCOYAM
PRODUCTION
ABSTRACT
It is a common practice in Nigeria
and other West Africa Countries especially in area lying within the rainforest
belt, with thick vegetation cover, the aim of management should be to avoid
excessive and inadequate level of farming system and maintains sufficient for
planting of cocoyam. The study therefore seeks to examine and appraise the problems
and prospects of cocoyam production in our society, a case study of Ovia North
East Local Government Area.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
Background of the study
Statement of the problem
Research questions
Purpose of the study
Significance of the study
Scope of the study
Limitation of the study
Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
Historical Literature review
CHAPTER THREE
Research methodology
Research design
Population of the study
Research instrument
Data collection
Statistical techniques
CHAPTER FOUR
Data presentation and interpretation
of result
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary, conclusion and
recommendation
REFERENCES
QUESTIONNAIRE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Cocoyam (colocasia spp and xanthosoma
spp) is grown in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world
particularly in Africa for human nutrition, animal feed, and cash income for
both farmers and traders (Onwueme and Chales, 1994). Cocoyam is vegetative
propagated using the corms and to a lesser extent the cormels. As food for
human consumption, the nutritional value parts of cocoyam is primarily caloric
(Davis et al, 1992). The underground cormels provides easily digested starch;
and the leaves are nutritious spinach like vegetable, which give a lot of
minerals, vitamins and thiamine (Tambong et al, 1997).
There are two major types commonly
grown in Nigeria namely; colocasia spp and xanthosma spp. In Nigeria, it is
regarded as a major crop especially in X2 female headed household. Nigeria is
one of the largest producers of cocoyam in the world contributing about 40% of
total annual production okinpshectares of land out of the total arable land of
27,900.00 hectares under cocoyam production.
Cocoyam grows in association with
other food and tree crops a system mostly practiced by subsistence farmers in
Nigeria. The bulk of the production of cocoyam is in South East, Nigeria
(Enyinnia, 2001). Cocoyam is regarded as
a major food crop in Nigeria especially in female headed households. Nwabuzor
(2001) noted that cocoyam can be consumed in various forms when boiled, fried,
pounded or roasted. It can also be processed into chips (“achicha”) which has a
long shelf and provides food all year round especially during lean planting
season (Asadu, 2006). Cocoyam leaves are also used as vegetable for preparing
soup in various part of the world. There is a decline in the yields of cocoyam
on the past few years. As population pressure on land continues to increases, the
importance of cocoyam in ensuring household food security is given adequate
recognition even through the present yield are still below expectation. This
could be attributed to a lot of factors such as climate variation, drought,
poor cultural practices among cocoyam growers, pest and diseases infestation
(Ezenwu, 2010).
Despite the usefulness of cocoyam
corms and leaves in human nutrition, its production and processing in Nigeria
is faced with a lot of challenges. Some of these challenges are the alarming
rate of land degradation and lack of improved varieties for commercial cocoyam
and leaf production. Decreasing rainfall and poor soil have also been
identified as some of the challenges processing of cocoyam in Nigeria (Osagoe,
2006). Therefore, this study was carried out with the broad objective of
ascertaining strategies for improving cocoyam production and processing among
women farmers in Edo State, Nigeria.
1.2
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
In any human endeavour, there are
bound to be some obstacle or hindrance in any of achieving exception to this
general rule. Hence this research is designed to find out the problem and
prospects of cocoyam production in Ovia North East Local Government Area of Edo
State.
1.3
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The main aim of the study is to
examine and appraise the problem and prospects of cocoyam production in our
society, a case study of Ovia North East Local Government Area.
To know the number of farmer producing cocoyam in the local government
area.
To know the type of production system.
Identifying problem of cocoyam production
1.4
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is a common practice in Nigeria
and other West Africa countries especially in area lying within the rainforest
belt with thick vegetation cover, the aim of management should be avoid
excessive and inadequate level of farming system and maintains enough stock raw
materials in period of short supply and anticipate price changes.
1.5
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
This study is centred on planning of cocoyam
in our local government council (Ovia North East) with more emphasis on cocoyam
production. Survey is a broad discipline that cannot be treated in full in this
study. The researcher while trying to obtain information from respondents
encountered certain drawback which hindered on farming system.
This investigation had a very limited
for the study and they only limited time for the study and they only limited
the work.
1.6
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study is centered on planting of
cocoyam in our local government council (Ovia North East) with more emphasis on
cocoyam production. Survey is a broad discipline that cannot be treated in full
in this study. The researcher while trying to obtain information from
respondents encountered certain drawback which hindered on farming system.
1.8
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Cocoyam: Cocoyam are herbaceous
perennial plants belonging to the family araceae and are grown primarily of
their edible roots, although all parts of the plant are edible. Cocoyam that are
cultivated as food crops belong to either the genus colocasia or the genus
xanthosoma and are generally comprised of a large spherical corm (swollen
underground storage stem), from which a few large leaves emerge.
Problem: A problem is a road block in
a situation, something that sets up a conflict and forces you to find a
resolution.
Prospect: A prospect is the
possibility that something fabulous will happen. After you graduate top of your
class at Harvard, for example, your job prospects look great.
Production: The process of making or
growing something for scale or use.
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TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE,
print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy
our complete written material(s).
HOW
TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After
paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the
following information to
08068231953
or 08168759420
(1)
Your project topics
(2)
Email Address
(3)
Payment Name (If you made a transfer)
(4)
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We
will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK
ACCOUNTS
Account
Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account
Number: 0046579864
Bank:
GTBank.
OR
Account
Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account
Number: 2023350498
Bank:
UBA.
FOR
MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953
or 08168759420
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