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ASSESSMENT
OF WEIGHT GAIN BETWEEN INDIGENOUS AND EXOTIC BREED OF BROILER
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study
Poultry farming involves, domesticating birds
such as chickens, turkeys, ducks and geese. They are raised primarily for meat
production. Chickens raised for eggs are referred to as laying hens while
chicken raised for meat are referred to as broilers.
Exotic chickens are raised in specialized
caging systems, they are fed with specialized formulated feeds which are rich
in essential minerals, their growth are controlled and the meat production are
monitored using feed formulation and vaccines. These exotic breeds are never
allowed to range freely or scavenge for food. Turkey on the other hand is a
large poultry bird that originated from the temperate parts of the world which
is now a popular form of poultry in parts of the world. Its meat is a major
sources of protein and its feathers are used extensively for decorative
purposes (UF Researchers, 2012).
Indigenous birds on the other hand are set
free on free range whereby chickens are allowed to move freely during the day
and spend the right in the main house. Overnight housing, perching on trees or
on roots and overnight housing within the main house are the common patterns of
housing prevailing in the indigenous areas. Lack of housing is one of the major
constraints of the indigenous poultry production systems. In Akwa Ibom State, a
large proportion of indigenous poultry mortality accounted due to nocturnal
predators because of lack of proper housing (Dwinger et al., 2003). Some
research works also indicated that the mortality of scavenging birds reduced by
improving housing. For instance, in Gambia livestock improvement program, which
include improved poultry mortality (19%) relative to that observed in Ethiopia
(66%) and Tanzania (33%) where no housing improvement were made (Kitalyi,
1998).
Origin of Fowls
According to Oluyemi et al (1985) confirmed
that the genetic difference exist in the domestic fowl partly because the fowl
probably originated from different wild ancestors.
Based on the above differences, two theories
were proposed namely monophyletic theory and the polyphyletic theory. According
to monophyletic theory, the domestic fowl originated from Gallus with one
ancestor. But the polyphyletic theory states that domestic fowl has more than
one ancestors. To the monophyletic, domestic fowl is known as Gallus while the
polyphyletic theory knows domestic fowl to be Gall domesticus. The polyphyletic
theories attributes to the origin of the domestic fowl to different wild
species.
The species suggested are:
Gallus gallus (Red jungle fowl)
Gallus Lafayette (Ceylon jungle fowl)
Gallus sonnerati (grey jungle fowl)
Gallus varius (java jungle fowl).
Through years of domestication, this fowl has
undergone different development in different areas of the world. Many highly
developed breeds have evolved. The degree of development in different parts of
the world has depended on the advancement of the area.
Importance of Poultry Meat
Meat product constitute about 90-95% income for the farmers, the
by-products from the poultry to industries are extremely important part of the
export market of livestock products.
Meat from poultry are used as a medium of exchange for the Nigeria
economy.
Poultry meat increases nutritive value in food when the meat are
consumed and improves vitamins, mineral and protein content in the diet.
Meat provides gainful employment to citizenry.
Poultry meat help the Nigerian youths in
acquiring psychomotive and affective skills of poultry management and
preparation of poultry meat.
Poultry meat is rich in the Omega-3 fats. Poultry meat is an important
provider of the essential polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAS) especially the
Omega(n) 3 fatty acids.
Poultry meat can be enriched with several of the important dietary
nutrients: unlike most other meats, chicken meat can also easily be enriched
with several other important nutrients by adding Mg of selenium.
1.2
Statement of the Problem
The acute shortage of protein in the daily
diet in meals are on the high increase thus, resulting in several nutritional
problems. These problems includes diseases from meat transferred to consumers,
high mortality rate among young adults, deficiency in the right supply of
nutrient and many more.
This has formed the basis on the need to
upgrade meat quality through the observation of principles in the management of
poultry meat. This principles are as follows
timely feeding regime, of poultry birds, sanitization of the meat
environment, proper checking of infected birds of poultry for vaccination,
harvesting of the mature birds to avoid cannibalism and debeaking the beaks to
discourage feather picking, deworming the birds to disinfects birds against
invasion of worms these and many more would reduce problems associated with
malnutrition of poultry birds to increase and encourage weight gain by
indigenous and exotic birds of poultry.
1.3
Purpose of the Study
The broad aim of the study was to assessed the
weight gain of the indigenous and exotic breeds of poultry birds and obtained
their differences. They includes the following.
Compare the difference in the weight gain of indigenous and exotic
breeds of poultry based on body weight.
Compare the difference in the weight gain of indigenous and exotic
breeds of poultry based on feed consumed.
Compare the difference in weight gain of indigenous and exotic breeds of
poultry based on source of feeds.
1.4
Research Questions
Is
there any difference in the weight gain of indigenous and exotic breeds of
poultry based on body weight?
Is
there any difference in the weight gain of indigenous and exotic breeds of
poultry based on feed consumed?
Is
there any difference in the weight gain of indigenous and exotic breeds of
poultry based on source of feeds?
1.5
Research Hypothesis
on
body weight
There is no significant difference in the weight gain of indigenous and
exotic breeds of poultry based on feed consumed.
There is no significant difference in the weight gain of indigenous and
exotic breeds of poultry based on source of feeds.
1.6
Significance of the Study
The aim of this study is to assess the weight
gain by indigenous and exotic breeds of poultry broiler and to determine the
differences that exist between the two specie of broilers. The farmers will
benefit because, it would them up on the techniques and skills of raising birds
with the recent innovations.
It is also aim at educating students in the
secondary schools on the various species of poultry birds and their types of
poultry and their weight gain. The research would expose government on the need
to establish government owned poultry houses in order to increase the
quantities of poultry breeds to the populace who are the end users of poultry
products. It would expose poultry dealers on the importance to maintained
optimum hygiene during and after the preparation of various species of poultry
breed and their weight in order to reduce consuming birds which has loss weight
as a result sickness and diseases which may have been transferred from an
infected poultry birds.
The research would assists farmers on the
need to enlarge their poultry houses in order to create employment to the
teeming youths to reduce poverty and crime in our localities.
Consumers of poultry meat would be educated
on the various types of poultry breeds (that is the indigenous and the exotic
breeds of poultry) and to make decision on the one to go for.
It also help veterinary doctors on the new
outbreak of poultry diseases and the new methods of treating them to prevent
the spread of such diseases.
1.7
Delimitation of the Study
The study of this research topic is delimited
to Akpan Andem market in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, and the University poultry farm,
University of Uyo, Uyo. The breeds of the poultry meat are of the indigenous
and the exotic poultry birds.
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