ASSESSMENT OF THE DEFENSE SYSTEM IN DIABETIC RATS TREATED WITH AQUEOUS LEAVES EXTRACT OF TERMINALIA CATAPPA
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ASSESSMENT
OF THE DEFENSE SYSTEM IN DIABETIC RATS TREATED WITH AQUEOUS LEAVES EXTRACT OF
TERMINALIA CATAPPA
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
The prevalence nature of micro-organisms
caused the human body to develop a natural defense system against the adverse
effects of these organisms (Pick et al, 2008). A complex network of specialized
cells, glands, organs, specialized proteins and molecular messengers make up
the body defense system which is typically known as the “IMMUNE SYSTEM”, and
this immune system prevents bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites and any other
external antibodies from over multiplying
inside the body and inflicting harm to the body system and processes (Godfrey
et al, 2006).
The immune system which is the body’s natural
defense system against invading pathogens protects the body from infection and
works to communicate an individual well being through a complex network of interconnected
cells and cytokines (Tang et al, 2009). This system has the power to initiate a
wide range of cellular responses with the ability to directly attack an
invading organism or signal cells to begin the healing processes (Gartner and
Hiatt, 2007).
Although this system is an associated host
defense, an uncontrolled immune system has the potential to trigger negative
complications in the host (Walter 2007; Kushner, 2003). Therefore, well
controlled regulation of the immune system is necessary in order to prevent
autoimmune responses from occurring (Morran et al, 2008).
In order to protect the body against foreign
pathogens, the immune system has developed throughout evolution to recognize
the difference between the ‘Self and non-self’ cells. The ability to become
self – tolerant toward the body’s own proteins and antigens is critical to
maintaining a properly functioning immune system (Bruce et al, 2010). An immune
system that loses tolerance to the “Self” cells loses ability to differentiate
between “friends” and “foes” in immunological battles (Kushner, 2003; Walter,
2007). This loss of tolerance leads the immune system towards autoimmune
responses, in which the body attacks itself, thereby causing substantial damage
to the self, even inflicting irreversible damage (Litman et al, 2005).
The immune system is composed of two unique
components or branches, each with its own responsibilities. The innate immune
system is the body’s first-line of defense against invading pathogens. This
system recognizes common structural components of pathogens and elicits immune
response to signal the presence of pathogens and infections (Mayer, 2006). The
adaptive immune system is the body’s second-line of defense and especially
targets identified pathogens. This system is antigen – specific and generates
immunological memory within the host, which allows for more efficient pathogen
clearance upon repeat exposure to the same pathogens (Agerbeth and Gudmundson,
2011). Although, these two immune systems are termed different branches of the
immune system, they must work together as one unified system to protect the
body (Ogawa and Calhoun, 2010).
The immune system protects the host, but it
also posses the ability to harm the host as well. Numerous autoimmune diseases
have been characterized overtime (Godfrey et al, 2006; Pick up et al, 2008;
Morran et al, 2008). The result of the autoimmune system leads to alternations
in the functioning of the immune system, due to genetics, cellular malfunctions
or cell signaling functions and this in turn, leads to the development and
pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases like diabetes mellitus (Von and Oldstone,
1997).
Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized
by the body’s inability to accurately maintain normal blood glucose levels, leading
to multiple detrimental effects (Shoback et al, 2011). Insulin is an important
hormone in glucose metabolism. When insulin is released, it signals cells to
take up glucose. If the body is unable to produce insulin, blood glucose level
remains elevated and this is termed hyperglycemia (Rother 2007).
Diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease,
in which the immune system targets and destroys the insulin – producing beta
cells found in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas (Delovitch and Singh,
2012). Without insulin, individuals develop the clinical syndrome of diabetes
mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by auto-antibody production and
progressive infiltration of immune cells into the Islets of Langerhans in the
pancreas, followed by the destruction of the Islets cells (Bardsley and Want,
2004). Studies using human and murine models of diabetes have demonstrated
that, the autoimmune destructive process in diabetes mellitus occurs in a cell
– mediated organ – specific manner (Nepom, 1995; Yoon and Jun, 2001).
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease, for
which there is no known cure except in very specific situations (Janeway,
2007). Medically, the management of diabetes mellitus concentrates on keeping
the blood sugar levels as close to normal (euglycemia) as possible, without
causing hypoglycemia (Delovitch and Singh, 2012). This can usually be
accomplished with diet, exercise and the use of appropriate medications
(insulin). Diabetes mellitus is typically managed with a combination of regular
neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin or Synthetic insulin analogs (Ripson
et al, 2009).
Despite the medical development to curb the
increased cases of diabetes, it in still prevalence in the society, hence, this
project work “Assessment of the defense system in diabetic rats treated with
aqueous leaves extract of Terminalia
catappa”, to find out if there is a curative agent in the leave of Terminalia
catappa based on the recent report of Ahmed et al,( 2005) on the leaves.
The universal role of plants in the treatment
of disease is exemplified by their employment in all major systems of medicine
irrespective of the underlying philosophical premise (Cunningham et al, 2005).
There is a great wealth of knowledge concerning the medicinal, narcotic and other
properties of plants that is transmitted orally from generation to generation
by tribal societies, particularly those of Tropical Africa, Asia, North and
South America and the pacific countries (Duke, 2002).
Ahmed et al (2005) reported that, the leaves
of Terminalia catappa contain several flavonoids, tannins, saponins,
triterpiniod and phytosterols. Due to the above chemical richness, the leaves
are used in different traditional medicines for various purposes worldwide.
They also reported the biochemical effects of administering Terminalia catappa
Linn aqueous and cold leaf extracts, orally and showed that it caused the
regeneration of the Beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans, decreased blood
sugar, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL),
creatinine, urea and alkaline phosphatase levels, while increasing the high
density lipoprotein (HDL) level in diabetes mellitus (Nyarko and Addy, 1997).
However, not much is reported about the various blood cells involve in the body
defense system.
AIM
OF THE STUDY
Considering the development of diabetes
mellitus to be immune system related, it become of interest to find out what
could be the possible state of the body defense system comparatively in
diabetic and non-diabetic conditions.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study will cover the aspect of
differential white blood cell count and serum globulin levels as a preliminary
investigation on the body defense system.
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