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AN
ASSESSMENT OF THE SECURITY MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA (THE BOKO HARAM CHALLENGE)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY
It is a
common knowledge that Nigeria since her return to civil rule in 1999 faces some
national security challenges across the six geo-political zones in the country.
The spate of bomb blasts, kidnapping, pipeline vandalism and other forms of
criminalities in recent times in various parts of the country are emerging
trends of domestic terrorism. In fact, the high rate of kidnappings, armed
robbery and political assassinations, are added dimensions to the security
challenges, which are stretching the nation to its limits, sometimes constitute
a great threat to the very fabric of its existence. (Abimbola and Adesote 2012)
A number of analysts have variously attributed the disturbing trend to
political dissatisfaction, ethnic and religious differences, perceived societal
neglect and pervasive poverty among the people. However, the outbreak of Boko
Haram insurgency in Nigeria marked yet another phase in the recurring pattern
that violent uprising, riots and disturbances have become in Nigeria. Given the
heterogeneous nature of the Nigerian society, the religious sensitivity of
Nigerians, and the prolonged military rule that ended with the advent of civil
rule in 1999, the situation could perhaps not have been different. But what is
alarming is the forceful attempt by religious fundamentalist to impose a
religious ideology on a constitutionally recognized secular society (Nwogu
2012:43). Boko Haram poses an enormous and complex threat to national security
and not only has it been inimical to human security, economic development and
political stability, it has also portends harmful ramifications for the
corporate existence of Nigeria. Thus, it could be argued that it is the
governments’ inability to efficiently address poverty and unemployment and
other social malaise inimical to the good life that have combined to create an
environment in which religious sects like the Boko Haram flourished. Some
cases, the situations had gotten worse. There is massive poverty; lack of
access to educational opportunities, unemployment and ignorance due to limited
educational opportunities; and government corruption, including misuse of
resources, by which the people were repulsed. (Usman 1987, Ale 2009) In this
direction, the maintenance of law and order in Nigeria has been very challenging
to the extent that the ability to manage internal security by security agencies
is being doubted by the citizenry. The government which is constitutionally
charged to provide security and ensure the welfare of all persons within the
polity has although, taken some steps to address these emerging trends of
violence and suicide bombings that pose major challenges to security in Nigeria
but these efforts have not proven effective. Security is said to mean the
quality or state of being secured. It implies freedom from danger, freedom from
fear or anxiety and freedom from the prospect of being laid off. Security from
these perspective is holistic and encapsulates the total well being of a person
in persons (Nwogu 2012) It is against this background that this research is
anchored to investigate the origin, ideology and activities of the dreaded Boko
Haram sect and its effects on the management of security in Nigeria. The
research will also examine the response of the Nigeria government to the threat
posed by Boko Haram with a view to suggest possible solutions/strategies to
address the scourge.
STATEMENT OF
THE PROBLEM
Currently,
the issue of Boko Haram cannot be over-looked, particularly as it has become
one of the greatest threats to government in Nigeria. The activities of the
group threaten the fabrics of Nigeria and are capable of disintegrating the
country. It is pertinent to state that Boko Haram has taken a new dimension and
has continued to improve on the methods of attacking their targets. It has advanced
from the stages of assassination, gunpowder plot to that of bomb-planting
explosive attacks, suicide bombing, sporadic shooting in busy areas, including
schools, supermarkets, religious places and more recently kidnapping e.g. the
kidnap incident of the Chibok school girls that attracted the attention of the
international community. Nwogu (2012:43) observed that Boko Haram has grown
from an issue of local nuisance to a frontier of international terror. Its
heady rise to international terror group status has been marked by unabated
audacious and brutal terror attacks that have shaken the country to her roots.
More so, Boko Haram poses enormous and complex threat to the management of
national security in Nigeria, which is a major challenge to human security and
economic development. Akinferinwa (2011:109) pointed out that Boko Haram is
undoubtedly one of the problems in Nigeria. He noted that it is a major
component part of the problem. And also stated that, Boko Haramists do play the
role of a catalytic agent in the worsening of one Nigeria’s main problems;
national unity. From this viewpoint, it can be seen that Boko Haram is a
serious challenge to security in Nigeria, thus, this research is focused to
examine the extent of threat by Boko Haram with a view to propose comprehensive
framework to address the problem.
OBJECTIVES
OF THE STUDY
The main
purpose of the research is to take a critical look at the challenges posed by
Boko Haram to the management of security in Nigeria and to explain its effect on
the development of Nigeria. Therefore, in summary, the research is aimed at the
following objectives.
1. To attempt a critical study on the origin,
ideology and activities of Boko Haram.
2. To examine the extent at which Boko Haram
has affected the security situation in Nigeria.
3. To explore how Boko Haram terrors has
impacted on Nigeria, politically, economically, socially and otherwise.
4. To reveal the response of the Nigeria
state to the challenges posed by Boko Haram.
5. To recommend strategies and policies that
may be possible solutions to address the Boko Haram challenge.
RESEARCH
QUESSTIONS
1. Was it poverty and illiteracy that
resulted in the formation of Boko Haram?
2. To what extent has Boko Haram worsened the
security situation in Nigeria?
3. How has Boko Haram terror affected Nigeria
politically, socially, economically and otherwise?
4. In what ways has the Nigerian government
responded to the Boko Haram threats?
5. What are the possible strategies to tackle
the scourge of Boko Haram?
SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
In recent
times, many scholars and commentators have written and commented elaborately on
the insecurity situation of the country, particularly, arising from terrorism.
However, this study focuses squarely on the Boko Haram phenomenon and
management of security in Nigeria. This will help in understanding the
activities of the terror group and explore steps to address its menace. The
study is also significant because it will contribute to existing literature on
terrorism, especially on Boko Haram and the issue of security, which will
further encourage research into this area.
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