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ANALYSIS
OF WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION AND INCORPORATION IN WASTE PICKING AND SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
ABSTRACT
Analysis
of women‟s participation in waste picking and solid waste management as a whole
has immense socioeconomic and environmental benefits and also can serve as a
basis for identifying problems and making relevant recommendations in Sokoto
Metropolis, Nigeria. The objectives of this research are to: review gender
participation in solid waste management; review the solid waste management
policies and programmes in Sokoto metropolis; assess the nature of women‟s
participation in municipal solid waste management in Sokoto metropolis and the
outcomes; identify problems and make recommendations. A total of 328 women
participants in waste picking among other solid waste management were studied
in the six districts covered in Sokoto metropolis using cluster and purposive
sampling techniques. Tables, percentages, and charts were used for the
analysis. The results showed that majority of the women waste participants
within the six districts of Sokoto Metropolis were less than 45 years old. As
noted, majority of the people involved in solid waste activities, as indicated
by the survey results were married with 53.7% and were mostly of Hausa/Fulani
ethnic composition with 60.4%. Scrap metal, assorted bottles and farmyard
manure, are the major materials that attract women solid waste entrepreneurs in
Sokoto metropolis. About 57.6% of the respondents collect less than 200 kg of
valuable waste materials every week. In contrast, 23.8% comprising some women
scrap metal collectors, major dealers and those involved in compost business collect
above 600 kg of waste valuables. about 65% of the respondents usually partake
in waste activity on their own ranging from house to house collection of solid
waste recyclables, to waste picking on the street, offices etc. field
investigation also revealed that about 68% of women do collect more of solid
waste materials e.g. glass bottles, assorted plastics, cans, among others even
more than the opposite sex. The study notes that waste materials are mostly
conveyed using locally made cart (Kura) and only a few are conveyed with car
for disposal to end users. Women participants surveyed expressed that most of
the solid waste materials are utilized locally throughout the study area.
Interestingly, the benefits derived by some of the respondents include: family
support; multiple source of income; earning a living/self sustenance; employer
of labor among others. The average monthly income generated especially among
some of the actors from scrap metal/bottles and farmyard manure (compost)
collection was discovered to be above N6, 000 which is more than the salaries
paid to some workers even civil servants (minimum wage of N 18, 000 per month)
as their take home in the study area. Also, about five (5) women earn up to
about N90, 000 in a month. As high as 84.8% of sampled solid waste participants
in the study area claimed that the government never came to their aid. However,
the major challenges faced by solid waste entrepreneurs especially women in
Sokoto Metropolis are categorized into: fluctuation in prices of waste
valuables; high cost of transportation; inadequate labor force; poor or absent
of union leaders etc.
It
is concluded that participation of women in solid waste management without
gender bias contribute more to waste management thus it is suggested that waste
activity being an informal sector should be transformed into a more formal
sector and formulating a more functional union leaders that will take their
plea to appropriate government authorities which will in turn bring about
better organization of the sector, hence making it more attractive and
therefore, creating ample opportunities for the unemployed in Sokoto and
beyond.
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
The
problems of solid waste management in Nigerian cities have resulted from rapid
increase in urban populations, rapid industrialization and changing lifestyle.
Many urban areas also generate solid wastes beyond what they can manage, and
this is closely associated with economic profiles and background. In many
places, municipalities spend 20-50% of their available re-current budget on
solid waste management which normally generates marginal results. Yet, it is
also common that 30-60% of all the urban solid wastes in developing countries
are uncollected, and less than 50% of the population is served.
One
of the critical areas that needs to be addressed when reviewing the impact of
solid waste management is the gender issue. In all societies, women have a different
role from that of men. As mothers and homemakers as well as educators,
entrepreneurs and producers, women more than men, have to play multiple roles.
The demands of these multiple roles in poorer countries place women,
particularly the non-elite ones, at a special disadvantage (United Nations
Development Fund for Women (UNDFW, 1998). This problem is huge considering the
fact that women constitute 60% of the world‟s one billion poor and out of 1.3
billion people living in absolute poverty, over 70% are women.
Research
according to Scheinberg et. al., (1998) has shown that across many cultures,
women handle waste in their homes although the richer women delegate this task
to servants.
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