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CONSEQUENCES
OF INCOMPATIBLE LAND USES ON THE ENVIRONMENT
ABSTRACT
This
research examined the consequences of incompatible land uses on the environment
of Uyo Urban. The study adopted a survey approach. It was carried out with
questionnaire administration, land uses, structures and sector survey. Random
sampling of 748 household heads within the identified 6 residential zones in
Uyo Urban was adopted. The residential areas were demarcated following routes
within Uyo urban. Data were collected from related government ministries and
departments as well as other secondary sources. The data collected were
analyzed using simple descriptive statistical methods. Findings from the study
revealed that the incompatible level of rural-urban migration is negative as
commercial land uses mostly interfere with residential units and mostly houses
adhering to land use standards and owing such as economic and personal drive.
Consequently, there is the incompatibility problems witnessed in the city as
manifested in environmental pollution, high residential traffic, overcrowding,
pressure infrastructural facilities and social amenities. These developments
have impacted on health and urban sustainability in the area. Recommendations
were proffered to guide the policy makers toward enhancing adherence to level
of zoning guidelines, housing conditions and general environmental conditions
of the study area. These will help to achieve a healthy, livable, prosperous
and sustainable human settlement for the area. The recommendations include the
provision of land use plan, enactment of zoning, building to approve building
plan, development control by authorities involved and using approved standards
for any land use development and public enlightenment campaign on built
environment and related issues.
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Irregular
and unsound urban development is the common problem of all urban settlements
today. The increasing continuation of this problem is inevitable in this order,
where the economy-ecology balance is not taken into consideration and economic
concerns always win (Cengiz 2013)
In contemporary physical planning
literature, the term land use refers to the use to which a site, plot or
building is put, it may be residential, commercial, industrial, public,
recreational, agricultural or transportation
(Obateru 2005)
Urban growth, the density of which is
continuing increasingly with the population increase that has taken place in
urban areas in the recent years, leads to the vanishing of an extremely limited
number of natural resources and to the occurrence of irregular and unsound
urban areas, along with impairing the agricultural lands (Brueckner et al.,
2001).
When considered from another
perspective, it might be stated that urbanization gained momentum with the
industrial revolution. When urbanization and industrialization are evaluated
together in this context, it follows that the share of industrialization in the
concentration of the population in urban areas and in the environmental
pressure it creates is a fact which cannot be ignored (Aksu, 2011). The
technological development, the population increase and the rapid change in
cities that particularly occurred upon the industrial revolution have upset the
ecological balance; consequently, the process of rapid degradation of natural
resources commenced. Having continued with a gradual increase in the need for
new living spaces and areas of use, this process of degradation has
substantially altered the working of the ecosystem with either conscious or unconscious
planning.
It is impossible to make up for the
natural resources which have been used up due to the degraded ecosystem;
furthermore, the vital impacts of this process are increasing day by day. The
cities and industrial areas (technoecosystems) which continue to develop on
natural areas especially due to the shortcomings/mistakes in city planning are
striking as one of the most important results of this situation, Beinat, (1998)
In order for urban-industrial
formations to survive on the earth with limited resources, it is imperative
that they be made more compatible with the natural ecosystem than that of today
and that an other which benefits both parties be created without the impairment
of the working of the ecosystem (Odum and Barrett, 2008).
Considering the principle of
integration of the urban landcape with the natural ecosystem, this study dwells
on the impacts of improper use due to wrong urban development on the natural
environment and the concept of ecological landscape planning. Within this
scope, the subjects “Incompatible Land Use, Planning and the Planning Hierarchy
in Uyo, Ecological/ Environmentally-Sensitive Landscape planning and its
Importance were included in the study.
was made, and the legal and
administrative gaps in the improper use of the land were investigated
thoroughly. Accordingly, the reasons for, the consequences of and the solutions
to improper land uses frequently taking place in urban area planning were
discussed.
The importance attached, and the priority
given, to the environment and to urban ecological planning varies by society.
Furthermore, it is possible to see the variations in the perspectives of the
environment at various stages. Urban development is defined with the increase
in production and consumption following the industrial revolution with the
assumption that the natural resources were endless and with intensive
construction activities. This stage involves some extravagant energy and land
use at this stage. The growth of the city against agricultural lands is
regarded as an essential indication of development (Eke, 2000).
Especially the process of
metropolitanization causes cities to grow rapidly in the space and sprawl over
extensive areas and to predominate, economically and socially, in all
surrounding urban and rural communities. As a result of this, the natural
resources remaining within the metropolitan area enter the process of being
used up rapidly. This manifests itself with the unplanned and uncontrolled
growth particularly against the rapid population increase in the metropolises
of developing countries (Sezgin and Varol, 2012).
By the phenomenon of urbanization
which appeared in this process of growth, the sprawl of cities, the absolute
necessity for establishing new settlements and the fact that urban lands could
easily be turned into a matter of speculation resulted in the rapid including
of fertile agricultural lands in urban lands (Keles and Hamamci, 1993).
The rapid decrease in agricultural
lands upon rapid urbanization and industrialization is a phenomenon which is
observed worldwide besides in our country. The construction activities of
industrial establishments, roads which are their infrastructure, sports
facilities and entertainment centers take place in fertile agricultural lands
generally with the justification that they bring fewer economic losses (Cepel,
2008).
The reasons for improper use, meaning
the use of agricultural land for nonagricultural purposes, included the gradual
increase in urbanization, the rapidly developing industry and investments
accordingly, and finally, the gaps in laws and regulations. The economic
earnings that develop depending on the construction of houses in rapidly
growing areas where urban development is intensively felt are always higher and
less risky than the yield of the activities to be carried out in agricultural
lands, which manifests itself as the most primary reason why such areas are
preferred as urban settlements.
In this way, urbanization, one of the
most serious threats for the world’s biodiversity, most dramatically and
permanently alters land use in our country, as it does worldwide (Ricketts and
Imhoff, 2003; Yli-Pelkonen and Niemel &, 2006). Upon the industrial branch
which developed afterwards, the identification of these lands, which continued
to exist as urban development areas, as area convenient for any nonagricultural
investment and their use for these purpose were supported. Since no laws or
regulations to prevent all these things and to protect fertile agricultural
lands have been made or since, even if they have been made, they lack the
necessary restrictions, the improper use of fertile agricultural lands
continues as a great national problem. With a wide variety of definitions,
planning is an integrated system which involves a series of chaotic cases in
theory and practice and which depends on various laws and regulations besides
being a multidirectional and comprehensive concept. According to the definition
by Keles (1972), planning also involves the absolute necessity for the rational
use of the available resources and information. The process of preparation of
the series of decisions aiming at attaining the targets which have been
specified regarding the activities to take place in the future as a whole via
the optimum means is called planning (Akay, 2009).
Article 166 of the 1982 Constitution is
entitled “Planning” and assigns the state the task of planning which ensures
“economic, social and cultural development, particularly the rapid development
of industry and agriculture at the national level in a balanced and compatible
way, and the efficient use of national resources by making their inventory and
evaluation”.
There are numerous laws, statutes,
regulations and circulars which direct development in our country, with the
most determinative one being the Development Law No. 3194 and the regulations
affiliated to it. Depending on the variety of the objects intended to be
planned, a large number of types of plans are encountered in the development
law. Some of these types of plans were organized in the Development Law No.
3194, while some of them were left to Article 4 of the law and the regulations
to be made with special laws. It is possible to classify the plans which arise
from the provisions of the Development Law as “types of plans for general
purpose” and the plans which are for special purposes and which are envisaged
for the areas that are the subject of a different planning regime as “types of
plans for special purpose” (Table 1) (Erdem and Coskun, 2009). Of the following
types of plans, Upper-Scale Plans, the Physical Plan of the country, the
Regional Plan and the Land Use Plan are types of socio-economic and ecological
plans, while the remaining plans are called “types of physical plans”.
Even though most of the above-mentioned
types of plans are in some way contained in the law, the majority are the types
of plans with no implementation in practice. In Article 6, entitled “The
Planning Hierarchy”, of the second section entitled “Fundamental Principles on
Development Plans” in the Development Law No. 3194 that was shaped with an
understanding which was extremely far from conserving the natural resources and
that was primarily organized in order to ensure the shaping of urban living
spaces, it is laid down that “plan are prepared as “Regional Plans” in terms of
the area they cover and their purposes, whereas development plans are prepared
as “Master Plans” and” Implementation Development Plans”. In other words, spatial plans are collected in
two main ranks as Upper-Scale Plans (the Regional Plan} and Lower-Scale Plans
(Development Plans}, although not clearly defined in the law. Development plans
are subdivided into two as “the Master Plan” and “the Implementation
Development Plan”. Another type of plan included in Article 5 of the law,
entitled “Definitions”, is “the Environmental Order Plan”. This type of plan
should again be regarded as an upper-scale plan type both owing to the content
provided in the definition and because it isw not included in the definition of
“Development Plans”. In conclusion, when the related articles of the
Development Law are evaluated together, it is possible to speak of three main
plan ranks, namely Regional Plans, Environmental Order Plans and Development
Plans, although not defined systematically (Erosy, 2006).
The types of plans and their
definitions which are contained in the law are as follows (Ercoskun et al.,
2004; Erdem and Coskun, 2009; Demirel, 2010; Demirel, 2010; the Ministry of
Environment and City Planning, 2010)
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
It has been noticed that, there are
problems associated with incompatible land uses in central business district
(CBD) in most urban areas. These include untidy confusion, high population
rate, traffic congestion as a result of a mixture of incompatible uses to which
land has been subjected. To these categories of problems are very common, in
most urban area where many activities such as commercial and services
activities from, residential, industrialization and recreational location are
been found. The above stated problems have given rise to the government to
enforce zoning regulation especially at the core areas of our cities.
Despite this, the incompatible uses
still continue to exist in the CBD areas. For this reason, this project
research work intends to provide answers to some relevant question such as;
i. What are the existing land
uses in the study area?
ii. What are the problems
emanating from the distribution of land uses in the study area?
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The
aim of this study is to examine the effect of incompatible land uses in Uyo
urban landscape (i.e central businesses district of Uyo capital city of Akwa
Ibom State).
1.4 OBJECTIVES
To
achieve the broad goal, the following objectives are set up:
i. To examine and identify the
incompatibility land uses in Uyo metropolis.
ii. To assess the existing land
use pattern in Uyo metropolis .
iii. To assess the effect of
incompatibility in the study area
iv. To determine government efforts
to control those problems emanating from the incompatible land use
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